Memento | Grammar | Lessons | Corrections |

LETTERS

1. The fremdu contains 26 letters.
2. Each sound corresponds to one letter and each letter corresponds to one sound.
   • So you write Lukleo like it's pronounced and it's pronounced like you write it.
3. The tonic accent is always on the penultimate vowel (underscored in the board below).

Letter	Name	Sound clarification	Examples
A	a	like a in father	amare	to like, to appreciate
B	bo	like english b (boy)	bele	beautiful
C	co	like english ts (tsunami)	facile	easy
D	do	like english d (down)	domu	house
E	e	like e in pet	able	possible
F	fo	like english f (fat)	fremde	foreigner
G	go	like g in girl	gantu	glove
H	ho	like english h home sweet home	heymu	home
I	i	like i in sit	maxinu	machine
J	jo	like s in pleasure	jurnalu	newspaper
K	ko	like english k (cake)	kare	expensive, dear
L	lo	like english l (love)	lovare	to love
M	mo	like english m (mother)	manu	hand
N	no	like english n (now)	nove	new
O	o	like o in november	wordu	word
P	po	like english p (pot)	patru	parent
Q	quo	like in english qu (quick)	aquu	water
R	ro	trilled like spanish r (bravo)	rike	rich
S	so	like english s (see)	sunu	sun
T	to	like english t (tea)	temu	theme
U	u	like oo in moon	urbu	city
V	vo	like english v (very)	venare	to come
W	wo	like english w (with)	warme	warm
X	xo	like english sh (sh e)	xuu	shoe
Y	yo	like y in young	yes	yes
Z	zo	like english z (zebra)	zonu	zone

SEMI-CONSONANTS

The semi-consonants Quo, Wo and Yo are used very simply :

1. Aquo: Pronounce like in English: quick. The letter Q is never alone.
   • The u is therefore considered like a semi-vowel in this case.
2. Way is pronounced like Why?
   • uai, three vowels thus three sounds, distinctly and shortly pronounced "oo-ar-ee"

Note: the (-u) of neutral noun can be pronounced or not, it looks like our (-e) in love (lov^e).

• Zonu is pronounced zonoo or zon^oo like zone in english (zon^e).
• You will see the word written: zon^u to familiarize yourself with its near silent.
• This is optional

1. As in English, there is only one definite article : ZI = the
2. There is no indefinite article : a, an.
   

luKleo	English	luKleo	English	luKleo	English	luKleo	English
zi pomu	the apple	zi pomuy	the apples	pomu	an apple	pomuy	apples
zi kido	the boy	zi kidoy	the boys	kido	a boy	kidoy	boys
zi fiya	the daughter	zi fiyay	the daughters	fiya	a daughter	fiyay	daughters
zi domu	the house	zi domuy	the houses	domu	a house	domuy	houses

 

In luKleo, the articles are easier to remember than in English, aren't they?

NOUN				ADJECTIVE				ADVERB
Root	Ending	English		Root	Ending	English		Root	Ending	English
amik	+ a =	friend		alt	+ e =	high		bon	+ i =	well
kid	+ o =	boy		bel	+ e =	beautiful		spid	+ i =	quickly
dog	+ u =	dog		facil	+ e =	easy		facil	+ i =	easily
bird	+ u =	bird		grand	+ e =	big		ver	+ i =	truly
buk	+ u =	book		pur	+ e =	pure		quid	+ i =	carefully
arb	+ u =	tree		san	+ e =	healthy		serioz	+ i =	seriously
strit	+ u =	street		warm	+ e =	warm		bux	+ i =	orally
Recognize a noun, an adjective and an adverb is very easy in luKleo, isn't it?
NOUN
In any language, nouns are words that designate a person, a place, a thing, an idea, or a quality. In the singular, all neutral nouns ending in -U. In the singular, all feminine nouns ending in -A. In the singular, all masculine nouns ending in -O.
ADJECTIVE
Adjectives are words that describe nouns, all adjectives ending in -E They are invariable. They are placed before or after the noun. Adjectives answer the question We? What kind of? What sort of? - We dogu? What kind of dog? - Blanke. White.
ADVERB
Adverbs indicate the manner, the place, the time or the quantity, all adverbs ending in -I They are invariable. They modify the meaning of a noun, an adjective, a verb or another adverb. They are placed before the word they modify. Joano estas spide. John is rapid. Joano spidi kuras. John runs quickly. Most adverbs are derived from adjectives by changing the ending -E in -I. spidu (speed), spide (quick, rapid, fast), spidi (quickly, swiftly) patra (mother), patrele (maternal), patreli (maternally). patro (father), patrile (paternal), patrili (paternally). Adverbs answer the question Wi ? How ? - Wi vi fartas ? How are you ? - Boni, dankum ! Well, thanks !
RESUME
Zi trenu blue spidi veikas = The blue train travels quickly. We? what sort of? blue. Wi? how? spidi.

 

GENDER

1. The ending -U marks the neutral singular noun: kidu = child, dogu = dog.
2. The ending -O marks the masculine singular noun: kido = boy, dogo = male dog.
3. The ending -A marks the feminine singular noun: kida = girl, doga = female dog.
4. For the adjectives and the adverbs we use the suffix -IL- to mark the masculine, and the the suffix -EL- to mark the feminine.
   
   1. patru = parent ; patre = parental ; patri = parentally.
   2. patra = mother; patrele = maternal ; patreli = maternally.
   3. patro = father; patrile = paternal ; patrili = paternally.

NUMBER

1. The plural is marked on the name, as in english.
2. The ending -Y marks the plural noun after its ending A, O or U.
3. The plural should read as OY of boy.
4. One plural word in a sentence is sufficient. 
   • Zi Languy Internacie Bildite. =  The International Constructed Languages. 
   • Du dogu. = Two dogs.
   • Multe dogu. = A lot of dogs.
   
   

NOUN

Nouns can have several functions:

1. Subject of the verb:
   • Joano lektas. John reads.
2. Supplement of the verb to be:
   • Joano estas titxisto. John is a teacher.
3. The object of a preposition:
   • Mi diris al Joano. I have told to John.
4. The object of the verb: (accusative)
   • Mi vidis Joanom. I have seen John.
   • Joanom mi vidis. (It's) John (that) I saw.
     • The most important word is placed at the beginning of the sentence, hence the importance of the accusative.
     • Both sentences above mean the same thing (same words), but there is a nuance (placement of words).
     • One chapter is entirely dedicated to the accusative.

 

Root	Suf.	Ending	English	Ending	English	Ending	English
patr	-->	+ u =	parent	+ y =	parents	+ ym =	parents
patr	-->	+ a =	mother	+ y =	mothers	+ ym =	mothers
patr	-->	+ o =	father	+ y =	fathers	+ ym =	fathers
patr	-->	+ e =	parental	Plural (-y) is always after the ending of the noun. Accusative (-m) is always after the ending of the noun or after the ending of the plural.
patr	-->	+ i =	parentally
patr	+ el	+ e =	maternal
patr	+ el	+ i =	maternally
patr	+ il	+ e =	paternal
patr	+ il	+ i =	paternally

Recognize a masculine, a feminine, a neutral, a singular or plural in luKleo is easier than in English, isn't it?

OBJECT AND ACCUSATIVE

1. As in English, in luKleo, a sentence requires at least two parts: a subject and a verb.
   • In the sentence: She sings. The subject is : she there is a second word : sing.
     • A subject is a noun that carries out the action.
   • However, in the sentence : I eat an apple, there is a third word : apple.
     • In this sentence, the word: apple is called : Direct Object.
   • A direct object is a noun that undergoes the action of the verb.
2. In luKleo, we mark the direct object of a sentence adding an M to the ending A, O or U of the noun or the ending Y of the plural.
   • Zi kido vidis zi dogum. Le garçon a vu le chien.
   • Zi kidoy vidis zi doguym. Les garçons ont vu les chiens.
3.  Complément d'Objet Direct. accusative is used in Latin, German, Esperanto and Ido, it is less used in french and English. It's used to underscore the Direct Object
   
   • In Latin: Caesar in Galliam venit = Caesar came in Gaulle.
   • In English: he and him; He call him.
   • In French: je and me; je me vois = I see me.
   • Mi vidis Joanom. I've seen John. (John is the Direct Object of the sentence).
4. To replace a preposition :
   • Joano andas al Londona = Joano andas Londonam. John goes to London.
5. To indicate a movement :
   • Zi katu saltas sur zi tavolu. The cat jumps on the table.
   • Zi katu saltas sur zi tavolum. The cat jumps onto the table.
6. To indicate a direction :
   • Joano estas al Bristola, ostag ili andos al Londonam. = John is at Bristol, tomorrow he'll go to London.
   • Wer ? Al Bristola
   • Werm ? Al Londonam.

 

Direct Object

Sentence	Subject	Verb	Direct Object
I eat an apple	I	eat	an apple
Mi manjas pomum.	Mi	manjas	pomum
The cat hates the dog.	The cat	hates	the dog
Zi katu dezlovas zi dogum.	Zi katu	dezlovas	zi dogum
John has given to Jane flowers .	John	has given	flowers
Joano donis al Joana floruym.	Joano	donis	floruym

1. In the last sentence, the word: Jane follows the verb : has given.
   • Why Jane is not the direct object of the sentence ?
   • Because Jeanne does not undergo the action of the verb : to give.
   • John does not give Jane.
2. John gives flowers.
   • Therefore the flowers are what is given, the flowers are then the direct object.
3. So what is Jane in this sentence?
   • Jane is called : indirect object.

Direct and Indirect Object

Sentence	Subject	Verb	Direct Object	Indirect Object
John has given flowers to Jane.	John	has given	flowers	Jane
Joano donis al Joana floruym.	Joano	donis	floruym	Joana
Jane has written a letter to Rose.	Jane	has written	a letter	Rose
Joana skribis al Roza leterum.	Joana	skribis	leterum	Roza
Rose reads a message to the Doctor Rabbit.	Rose	reads	a message	Doctor Rabbit
Roza lektas al Doktoro Rabbit zi mesatjum.	Roza	lektas	zi mesatjum	Doktoro Rabbit

 

• The proper names can be write with the spelling of the country: Doktoro Rabbit or Doktoro Rabit.

1. We have seen that a simple sentence comprised a subject, a verb and an object.
   • The complement could be of object direct and took the ending of the accusative M, not compulsory.
   • The complement could be of object indirect and was to precede of a preposition: (pri, en, al, etc...)
2. The ending of the accusative M serves also to express a movement to a place uniquely after a preposition that does not indicate either a movement or a place.
3. The ending of the accusative M serves also for the adverbs that indicate a place.

 

Examples

luKleo	English	observations
Mi manjas pomum.	I eat an apple.	D.O. therefore accusative
Mi manjas pomum en zi otu.	I eat an apple in the car.	D.O. therefore accusative + Place
Eli spikas pri zi kido.	She speaks about the boy.	I.O.
Lu estas en zi domu.	They are in the house.	Place
Zi katu saltas sur zi tavolu.	The cat jumps on the table.	The cat is already on the table and he jumps.
Zi katu saltas sur zi tavolum.	The cat jumps on the table.	The cat is on the chair and jumps to and on the table.
Zi birdu volas en zi katju.	The bird flies to the cage.	The bird is in the cage and flies.
Zi birdu volas en zi katjum.	The bird flies to the cage.	The bird is outside and flies to and in the cage.
Urbi	Downtown, in the city.	Place
Urbim	Downtown, to the city.	Idea of movement
Wer vi estas ?	Where are you ?	Place
Werm vi andas ?	Where do you go?	Idea of movement
Eli estas ci tiwer, nu andas tiwerm.	She is here, we go there.	Place and Idea of movement
Wer? Werm?	Where? Where?	Here! There!

 

1. You do not deceive, the ending M is a friend who indicates the D.O. who shows the movement, without long explanations.
2. The M, if there is not any possible confusion, could be omitted.
3. The M is very important in the such sentences that: The cat jumps on the table. The bird flies to the cage. Etc..

Recognize a Direct Object or detect a movement in luKleo, is easier than in English, isn't it ?

The Personal Pronouns and the Interrogative Pronouns

The Personal Pronouns

1. To create a possessive pronoun, one adds an E at the end of a personal pronoun.
2. To create a reflexive pronoun, one adds SELF at the end of a personal pronoun.

Personal Pronouns		Possessive Adjectives		Reflexive Pronouns
MI	I, me	MIE	my, mine	MISELF	myself
TI	you, (thou)	TIE	your, yours	TISELF	yourself
VI	you (singular)	VIE	your, yours	VISELF	yourself
ELI	she, her	ELIE	her, hers	ELISELF	herself
ILI	he, him	ILIE	his	ILISELF	himself
LI	it	LIE	its	LISELF	itself
SI	se, soit (réfléchit)	SIE	son, sa, leur, ses, leurs	SISELF	himself, herself, itself, themselves
ONI	one	ONIE	one's	ONISELF	oneself
NU	we, us	NUE	our, ours	NUSELF	ourselves
VU	you (plural)	VUE	your, yours	VUSELF	yourselves
ELU	they or them (female)	ELUE	their, theirs	ELUSELF	themselves
ILU	they or them (male)	ILUE	their, theirs	ILUSELF	themselves
LU	they or them (neutral)	LUE	their, theirs	LUSELF	themselves

 

1. The personal pronouns of the third person become suffixes to form the male and the female noun, see again : The Gender and The Number

 

Examples

Joano lavas sim.	John washes himself.
Joano lavas ilim.	John washes him.
Eli lavas zi kidum.	She washes the child.
Ili lavas zi glasum.	He washes the glass.
Ili spikas pri ili.	He speaks about him.
Eli salutas elim.	She greets her.
Eli salutas sim.	She greets herself.

 

• The personal pronouns can be direct object and taking the ending of -m.
• The possessive pronouns can be to the plural taking the ending -y and to be direct object taking the ending -m.

Eli lovas mie fratom.	She loves my brother.
Zi miem?	Mine?
Mi vidis vie dogoym.	I have seen your dogs.
Yes, vieym.	Yes, yours.

 

• Si is a reflexive pronoun, used with eli, ili, li, elu, ilu, lu, oni or with the words that they can replace.
• Example : to show an action to the same subject and not to another subject.

 

SI

Mi pensas pri mi.	I think about me.
Vi pensas pri vi.	You think about yourself.
Ili pensas pri ili.	He thinks about him.
Ili pensas pri si.	He thinks about himself.

 

• Oni is an undefined, neutral pronoun, used when you want to talk about any person, many people or some not definite people, or a person whose identity you do not want to reveal, etc...

 

ONI

Oni pensas pri siself.

One thinks about oneself.

The personal pronouns in fremdu, are not more difficult to memorize than in English. But for the possessive pronouns, yes, isn't it ?

POSSESSION

1. To express possession you can use the word de.
   • Zi dog^u de zi kido. The boy's dog.
   • Zi kida de zi lerney^u. The girl of the school.
2. But we'll say :
   1. Zi fot^u de Leo. The photo (Eiffel Tower) which belongs to Leo.
   2. Zi fot^u por Leo. The photo (autographed) made for Leo.
   3. Zi fot^u pri Leo. The photo (when Leo was 15 years old) where Leo.
   4. Zi fot^u farite per Leo. The photo made by Leo.
   • Zi fot^u de Leo, por Leo, pri Leo i per Leo = La photo of Leo (The photo belongs to Leo made for and by Leo, is his portrait).

 

The Interrogative Pronouns
WA	what, what thing		WAY	why		WI	how
WE	what kind of, what (a)		WEN	when		WER	where
WON	how much, how many		WU	who		WUZ	whose

 

Examples
wa	wa estas?	what is it?	estas zi windu	it is the window
wam	wam ili manjas?	what does he eat?	ili manjas pomum	he eats an apple
way	way vi estas deandite?	why have you left?	koz estis urje	because it was urgent
we	we estas zi melu en zi potu?	how is the honey in the pot?	zi melu estas bonege	the honey is excellent
wen	wen vie patra alvenas?	when your mother arrives?	ostag	tomorrow
wer	wer estas zi botelu de vinu?	where is the bottle of wine?	newer	nowhere
werm	werm vi andas?	where do you go?	werm mie patro andos	where my father will go
wi	wi vi fartas?	how do you do?	boni, cu vi?	well and you?
won	won da pomuy vi deziras?	how many apples do you want?	tiwon won vi	as much as you
wu	wu vi estas?	who you are?	mi estas Alberto	I'm Albert
wuy	wuy spikas lawdi?	who speak loudly?	zi titxistuy	the teachers
wum	zi pomu tiwum, wum mi manjis	the apple that I have eaten	wum eli punixas? (zi blondetom)	who does she punish? (the light-haired boy)
wuym	zi oranjuy tiwuym, wuym mi manjis	the oranges that I have eaten	wuym lu alkonduktis al zi lerneyu? (zi kidoym)	who they have taken to the school? (the boys)
wuz	Vi gladas pri wuz dezfelitxu?	You re-enjoy yourself the misfortune of whom?	wuz estas tiwa?	who does that belong to?

 

• You know the personal pronouns! Conjugate verbs will take you only some seconds !
• Six endings to memory:
  1. Infinitive : -ARE.
  2. Present : -AS
  3. Past : -IS
  4. Future : -OS
  5. Conditional : -US
  6. Volitional
     • Imperative : -ES
     • Subjunctive : -ES

Form		Root	End	Example
basic form	infinitive	est	+ are =	estare	to be
indicative	present	est	+ as =	estas	am, are,is
indicative	past	est	+ is =	estis	was, were
indicative	future	est	+ os =	estos	will be
conditional	present	est	+ us =	estus	would be
volitional	imperative	est	+ es =	estes	be!
volitional	subjunctive	est	+ es =	estes	be

The volitional (imperative and subjunctive) is used only to translate an order, a desire, a wish or a need.

Examples

Ili vulas manjare.	He wants to eat.
Joano manjas zi pomum.	John eats the apple.
Mi skribis leterum.	I have written a letter.
Eli ridos.	she will laugh.
In the conditional, the first and the second verb have the same ending in us.
If vu estus tiwer, vu vidus zi katum.	If you were there, you would have seen the cat.
andes!	Go!
Lu vulas, ke vi venes.	They want you to come.

 

THE COMPLEX VERBS

• The Complex buildings of verb consist in a main verb and another verb with the same subject, that always takes the form of infinitive.
• In a usual way these complex buildings of verb are used with the verbs : povare (to be able to), devare (ought to, to have to, must, should) and vulare (wish, want, be willing to).

Lu vulas ludare.	They want to play.
Mi ne povis venare.	I wasn't able to come.
Nu devos workare.	We will have to work.

 

Summary

the verb ends in -are	the verb begins by to
Joano lovas ludare futbalum= Joano lovas futludare	John loves to play football.
To form the verbs, change simply the ending -are to the root by -as, is, os, us and es	infinitive; present, past and futur; conditional and the volitional.
At the conditional, the first and the second verb have the same ending in us.
If vu estus tiwer, vu vidus zi katum.	If you were there, you would have seen the cat.

 

Le Passé proche		Le Futur immédiat
Mi jus lektis.	I have just read.	Mi tuy lektos.	I am going to read.

 

Active Form
Present	ANT	lektante	who reads, reading	lektanti	reading
Past	INT	lektinte	who has read, having read	lektinti	having read
Future	ONT	lektonte	who will read, having to read	lektonti	after having read
Passive Form
Present	AT	lektate	who is read, being read	lektati	being read
Past	IT	lektite	who has been read, having been read	lektiti	having been read
Future	OT	lektote	who will be read, having to be read	lektoti	after being read

 

The composed tenses are formed with the auxiliary esare + the participle.

Active Form						Passive Form
mi	estas	lektante	=	I am reading		li	estas	lektate	=	it is read
mi	estis	lektante	=	I was reading		li	estis	lektate	=	it were read
mi	estos	lektante	=	I will be reading		li	estos	lektate	=	it will be read
mi	estus	lektante	=	I would be reading		li	estus	lektate	=	it would be read
mi	estas	andinte	=	I have gone		li	estas	manjite	=	it was been eaten
mi	estis	andinte	=	I had gone		li	estis	manjite	=	it had been eaten
mi	estos	andinte	=	I will have gone		li	estos	manjite	=	it will have been eaten
mi	estus	andinte	=	I would have gone		li	estus	manjite	=	it would have been eaten
mi	estas	faronte	=	I am to making about		lu	estas	farote	=	they are to being made about
mi	estis	faronte	=	I was to making about		lu	estis	farote	=	they were to being made about
mi	estos	faronte	=	I will be to making about		lu	estos	farote	=	they will be to being made about
mi	estus	faronte	=	I would be to making about		lu	estus	farote	=	they would be to being made about

 

Passive Sentence

Zi pomu estas manjate per Joano.	The apple is eaten by John.
Eli estas lovite per ili.	She is loved by him.
Zi Amerika estis ekvidite per Kristofo Colomo en 1492.	America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492.

The conjugation in luKleo, is a game for children, isn't it ?

The Comparatives
equality	tiwi ... wi	->	as ... as , so ... as
	tiwwon ... won	->	as many ... as
superiority	mos ... zan	->	more ... than
inferiority	les ... zan	->	less ... than
The Superlatives
superiority	zi most ... of	->	the most ... in / of
inferiority	zi lest... of	->	the least ... in / of

 

Examples
Tiwi grande wi forti.	->	As large as strong.
Tiwon da oranjuy won da pomuy.	->	As many oranges as apples.
Klara estas les forte zan Lukinyo.	->	Claire is less strong than Lucas.
Joano estas mos alte zan Klara.	->	John is taller than Claire.
Mie frato mos boni kantas zan mi.	->	My brother sings better than I do.
Klara estas zi most bele of zi mondu.	->	Claire is the most beautiful of the world.

Without training is too easy, isn't it?

The adverbs "correlatives" are:

1. Interrogatives
   • Wa? Way? We? Wen? Wer? Wi? Won? Wu? and Wuz?
2. Indéfinites, demonstratives, collectives, negatives and relatives
   • Of place, of time and of manner

Those are small words, without root, formed of affixes and of relatives.
They consist in four beginnings and nine endings that can be combined in several ways.
Complicated at first sight, but in fremdu is always simple.

The Correlatives

First entry				Second entry
				thing	->	WA
				reason, for ... reason	->	WAY
SOM	->	some		kind of, sort of	->	WE
TI	->	that		time	->	WEN
OL	->	every		place	->	WER
NE	->	no		manner, in ... way	->	WI
				quantity (amount	->	WON
				one, or person	->	WU
				one's, person's	->	WUZ

 

• The words in W are used to ask questions and are also used as relative pronouns.
  • Wu vi estas ? Who are you ?
  • Tiwom, wom ili diris, estas bone. What he has said is good.
  • Zi kida tiwu, wu staras tier. The girl, who is there.
  • Estas grande wi domo. It is big as a house.

 

Table Correlates

	WA	WAY	WE	WEN	WER	WI	WON	WU	WUZ
SOM	SOMWA	SOMWAY	SOMWE	SOMWEN	SOMWER	SOMWI	SOMWON	SOMWU	SOMWUZ
TI	TIWA	TIWAY	TIWE	TIWEN	TIWER	TIWI	TIWON	TIWU	TIWUZ
OL	OLWA	OLWAY	OLWE	OLWEN	OLWER	OLWI	OLWON	OLWU	OLWUZ
NE	NEWA	NEWAY	NEWE	NEWEN	NEWER	NEWI	NEWON	NEWU	NEWUZ

1. wu and wo are put if necessary to the accusative and become : wum and wom.
2. wer is put if necessary to the accusative to indicate the direction and becomes werm.
3. wu, tiwu and olwu are put if necessary to the plural and become : wuy, tiwuy and olwuy.
4. There is not problem to remember these for next words, isn't it? : Wu?, Wuz? Way? Wer? Wen?Wa (what)?
   
5. It will not be hard, to remember these three last words, because:
   1. The we? waits a reply finishing by e, A quality, as an adjective : bele.
   2. The wi? waits for a finishing reply by i, A way, as an adverb : spidi.
6. The more complicated if it is, it's: Won? = How Many ? Won da...? = How much of...?
   
   

Translation of the correlatives

SOMWA	something, anything	TIWA	that, that thing	OLWA	everything, all things	NEWA	nothing
SOMWAY	for some reason	TIWAY	for that reason	OLWAY	for every reason	NEWAY	for no reason
SOMWE	some kind of, any kind of	TIWE	that kind of, such a	OLWE	every kind of, all kinds of	NEWE	no kind of
SOMWEN	sometime, anytime, ever	TIWEN	then, at that time	OLWEN	always, at all times	NEWEN	never, at no time, not ever
SOMWER	somewhere, anywhere, in some place	TIWER	there, in that place	OLWER	everywhere, in every place	NEWER	nowhere, in no place
SOMWI	somehow, in some way	TIWI	that way, thus, like that, so	OLWI	in every way	NEWI	in no way
SOMWON	some	TIWON	so much, as many	OLWON	the whole quantity, all of it	NEWON	not a bit, none
SOMWU	somebody	TIWU	that person	OLWU	each, everyone	NEWU	nobody
SOMWUZ	someone's	TIWUZ	that one's	OLWUZ	everyone's	NEWUZ	no one's

 

CI

The word ci indicates the proximity
tiwer	->	there	tiwer ci ou ci tiwer	->	here
tiwu	->	that, this person	tiwu ci ou ci tiwu	->	this one
tiwa	->	that	tiwa ci ou ci tiwa	->	this

 

EVER

The ever word expresses the indecision
wen ?	->	when ?	wen ever	->	whenever
wer ?	->	where ?	wer ever	->	wherever
wu ?	->	who ?	wu ever	->	whoever

NUMERAL CARDINALS

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
zeru	unu	du	tri	quar	kint	sis	set	okt	now
10	11	12	20	30	35	700	6000	8 millions	9 billions
dis	dis unu	dis du	dudis	tridis	tridis kint	setcent	sismil	okt milionu	now miliardu

 

• Tens and the hundreds are formed by the addition of the numbers from 1 to 10.
• The numeral adjectives are invariable.
  • 1492 = mil quarcent nowdek du
  • 2006 = dumil sis
• More complicated, but always easy :
  • Caution! not confuse : miliardu i bilionu.
  • milionu : 1.000.000 (sis zeru)
  • miliardu : 1.000.000.000 (now zeru)
  • bilionu : 1.000.000.000.000 (dis du zeru)
  • trilionu : 1.000.000.000.000.000.000 (dis okt zeru)
• 386.342.764.195.186 = tri oktdis sis bilionu tricent quardis du miliardu setcent sisdis quar milionu cent nowdis kint mil cent oktdis sis.
• 624.961.854.723.649.348.265 = siscent dudis quar trilionu nowcent sisdis unu mil oktcent kintdis quar bilionu setcent dudis tri miliardu siscent quardis now milionu tricent quardis okt mil ducent sisdis kint.

OPERATIONS

Operation	fremdi	English
1 + 2 = 3	unu plus du estas tri	one plus two equal three
9 - 4 = 5	now minus quar estas kint	nine minus four equal five
3 x 2 = 6	tri multupligite per du estas sis	two multiplied by three equal six
12 : 3 = 4	disdu dividite per tri estas quar	twelve divided by three equal four

 

DERIVATIVES

1. By adding a termination, we can make derive the numbers.
   • Substantive : number + U
   • Adjective : number + E
   • Adverb : number + I
2. By adding a suffix, we can make derive the numbers in :
   • Multiplicative : number + UPL
   • Fractional : number + ON
   • Collective : number + OB
3. We put PO in front of the numbers to mark the numeral distributive.
   • PO OKTE = eight by eight.

Summary table

Number	End	English		Nombre	Suffix	End	English
unu	+ u =	unit		du	+ upl	+ u =	double
disdu	+ u =	dozen		tri	+ upl	+ e =	triplet
dudis	+ u =	a twenty		quar	+ upl	+ i =	quadrupling, four times
cent	+ u =	a hundred		du	+ on	+ u =	half
mil	+ u =	a thousand		cent	+ on	+ u =	hundredth
unu	+ e =	first		zi tri quar	+ on	+ u =	the three-quarter
kint	+ e =	fifth		zi tri quar	+ on	+ uy =	the three-quarters
unu	+ i =	firstly		du	+ ob	+ u =	duet
tri	+ i =	thirdly		quar	+ ob	+ i =	to four, by four

 

• Attention, make the difference between :
  • Zi kinte kidu manjis zi kintonu de zi keku.
  • The fifth child (5th, row) ate the fifth of the cake (1/5, portion).

1. There are two types of questions :
   • Questions closed with CU VI ...? = Do you...?
   • The opened questions with the interrogative correlatives, they begin everyone by W ...?
2. These same interrogative pronouns become relative pronouns.

Cu vi longe lernis?	You study since long?	Ne, mi lernis les zan du yaru!	Not, I have studied less than two years!
Oh, mi lernis ne les zan du yaru!	Oh, I have studied not less than two years!	Yes, ma mi malboni spikas zi langum france!	Yes, but I speak badly the French language!
Cu vi konexas mim?	Do you know me?	Yes, mi konexas vim!	Yes, I know you!
Ne, mi ne konexas vim!	No, I do not know you!	Abli!	Maybe!
Cu vi vulas teum?	Do you want some tea?	Ne!	No!
Yes, Mi ne amas kafum!	Yes, I do not like the coffee!	Ne, Mi vulus kafum!	No, I would want tea!
Wu vi estas?	Who are you?	Mi estas zi nove titxito!	I am the new teacher!
Wam vi vulas?	What do you want?	Mi vulus manjum!	I would like a meal!
We manjum vi deziras?	What sort of meal do you want?	Mi deziras manjum dezkare!	I wish a cheap meal!
Wi vi fartas?	How do you do?	Mi fartas boni!	I am fine!
Won da pomuy vi kompris?	How many apples have you bought?	Mi kompris tri kilogramu da pomu!	I have bought three kilograms of apples!
Wuz estas tiwu otu?	Whose is this car?	Li estas elie!	It is hers!
Wen vi venos?	When will you come?	Ostag!	Tomorrow!
Wer vi estas?	Where are you?	Mi estas al zi lerneyu!	I am at school!
Way vi estas ci tiwer?	Why are you here?	Mi estas ci tiwer pro lernare!	I am here to study!
Wum?	Who?	Tiwum, wu estis tiwer !	The one that was there!

 

1. The negative words are always placed before the word which undergoes the negation.
   • The negative words are : ne and correlatives starting with new-.
2. Only one term is enough to give a negative direction to a sentence.
   • Several "new-" are possible and do not change the direction of the sentence.
3. A double negation changes the direction of the negative sentence into positive sentence.
   • A double negation can accentuate the opposite.
4. Ne + word has a different direction from ne/word.
5. NI it is nor or the repetition of two negative, its use :
   • After ne.
   • After ni.
   • Never after sen we will use rather i.
   • Never alone.

 

fremdi	English	observation
Ne mi parolas al vi.	it is not me which speaks to you.	The negation goes on the subject	not me, somebody else...
Mi ne parolas al vi.	I do not speak with you.	The negation goes on the verb	no speak, read...
Mi parolas ne al vi.	I speak but not with you.	The negation goes on the complement	not with you, with the wall...
Mi lovas newum.	I love nobody.	only one negative word	I love any person
Mi ne lovas newum.	I do not love nobody.	two negatives words	thus I love already somebody
Newen, newen, ili revenos.	Never, never, he will return.	two negative correlatives
Lu ne povas ne aprobare nue ideum.	They cannot not approve our idea.	two negative words reinforce the opposite	They cannot refuse our idea.
Senyoro, vi estas ne-waristo.	Sir, you are a antimilitarist (pacifist...).	Senyoro, vi ne estas waristo.	Dear Sir, you are not a militarist (not inevitably pacifist...).
Mi ne renkontis Joanom, ni ilie fratom.	I did not meet John, nor his brother.	Mi revenis sen mapu i ajudu.	I returned without chart nor assistance.
Ne estas bovido, ni bova, ni porku.	There is neither calf, neither cow, nor pig.	Zi farmu estas sen bovido i bova i porku.	The farm is without calf, neither cow, nor pig.

 

PREFIXES

Significance		Without Prefix		With Prefix		By Extension
antaw	before, in front of, ahead of	braku	a arm	antawbraku	a lower-arm	antawi	ahead, formerly, previously
bo	related by marriage	patra	mother	bopatra	mother-in-law
deze	contrary, opposite	ajudare	to help	dezajudare	to hinder	dezi	on the contrary
diz	dis-	donare	to give	dizdonare	to distribute, to deal	dizi	here and there
ek	suddenness	dormare	to sleep	ekdormare	going to sleep	ek !	let's go!
ek	beginning	parolare	to speak	ekparolare	to start to speak	ekare	to begin
eks	ex	prezidantu	president	eksprezidantu	ex-president
fi	shame	tradistu	tradesman	fitradistu	swindler	fie	nasty
mis	amiss, badly, mis-	komprenare	to understand	miskomprenare	to misunderstand	mise	incorrect, amiss
ne	not, no	sorbeme	permeable	nesorbeme	impermeable	neare	to deny
pra	fore-, great-, grand-	yayo	grandfather	prayayo	great-grandfather	prae	ancient, primeval
re	répetition, re-	farare	to do, to make	refarare	to do again	rei	once more, again
sen	without	limu	limit	senlime	unlimited	senecu	deprivation

 

SUFFIXES

Significance		Without Suffix		With Suffix		By Extension
ad	keep on	parolare	to speak	spikadu	speech	adi	continually
abl	can be done	admirare	to admire	admirable	excellent	abli	maybe
ind	worthy of	admirare	to admire	admirinde	worthy to be admired	indu	worth
aj	something concrete, specific	manjare	to eat	manjaju	food	aju	thing
an	member	urbu	town	urbanu	city-dweller	anu	supporter
ar	group	arbu	tree	arbaru	forest	aru	group, heap
er	element	pluvu	rain	pluveru	drop of rain	eru	fragment, particle
atx	pejorative	domu	house	domatxu	hovel	atxe	ugly
eg	augmentative	ventu	wind	ventegu	storm	egi	extremely
et	diminutive	ridare	to laugh	ridetare	to smile	ete	tiny
el	alive being (female)	patra	mother	partele	maternal	ele	female, feminine
il	alive being (male)	bovo	bovine	bovilo	bull	ile	male, masculine
ul	means, tool	sidare	to sit	sidulu	sit	ulu	tool, instrument
ol	alive being (neutral)	futu	foot	dufutolu	biped	olu	alive being
em	leaning	txatare	to chatter	txateme	chatterer	emare	to have tendency to
end	must be done	lektare	to read	lektende	must be read	ende	passive obligation
estr	leader	urbu	city	urbestru	mayor	estrare	to govern
ey	place	lernare	to learn	lerneyu	school	eyu	room, place
ec	quality	amiku	friend	amikecu	friendship	ece	qualitative
i	container	sukeru	sugar	sukeriu	sugar bowl	iu	jug, box
id	offspring	dogu	dog	dogidu	puppy	idu	young, offspring
ig	cause something to be	pure	clean	purigare	to make clean	igare	to cause, to get, to make
ij	become	sidare	to have sat	sidijare	to sit down	ijare	to become
iny	forms familiar	patrinya	mummy	joaninyo	johnny	patrinyo	daddy
ist	partisan or professional	abolare	to abolish	abolistu	abolitionist	workistu	workman
ism	doctrine	jurnalu	newspaper	jurnalismu	journalism	ismu	doctrine
oz	full of	stonu	stone	stonoze	stony
um	unspecified	kolu	neck	kolumu	collar	umulu	gadget
uy	holder	spadu	sword	spaduyu	sleeve	uyare	to fit together, to insert