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The Alphabet and its Pronunciation

• The alphabet does not comprise diacritic letters (à,ç,ĉ,é,è,ê,ĝ,ĥ,î,í,ĵ,ŝ,ô,ó,ŭ,ù…). Like in English, it's adapted to the modern communication, since Internet does not take into account the complex letters.
• In fremdu the words are phonetic, in other words that they write to themselves as they pronounce and pronounce as they write to themselves.
• A sound a letter, a letter a sound.
• Here you are the pronunciation of the letters in fremdu.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

Fremdi

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

w

x

y

z

API

a

b

"ts"

d

e

f

g

h

i

ʒ

k

l

m

n

o

p

k

r

s

t

u

v

w

ʃ

j

z

Cyrillic

α

á

ö

ä

e

ô

ã

h

è

æ

ê

ë

ì

í

o

ï

ê

ð

ñ

ò

ó

â

Ü

ø

é

ç

Greek

a

β

"τσ"

δ

ε

φ

γ

"h"

ι

η

ê

λ

μ

ν

o

ï

ê

ρ

σ

τ

υ

ω

w

χ

j

ζ

 

The Vowels

• A of cat, E of cake, I of sit, O of november and U of boot.

The Consonants

• Bo, Do, Fo, Ho, Ko, Lo, Mo, No, Po, To, Vo and Zo pronounced as in English.
  • Co de tsunami (never c of concise).
  • Go of get (never tjo of general).
  • Jo of pleasure (never tjo of John).
  • Ro trilled like spanish or italian r.
  • So of sauce (never zo of rose).
  • Xo of shoe (never kzo ou kso of examination).

The Semiconsonants

• Quo, Yo and Wo are pronounced as in English :
  • Quarter, Yes and West

The Tonic Accent

• For the polysyllabic words, the tonic accent is always put before the last vowel of the word. (underlined in the two first lessons).
  • Examples : manjare, apen, fremdu, maru, blue, newu, alie, etc…
  • Forketu = fork; pronounced forkeeeetu. (read the e without releasing them).
• Attention, there is not exaggeration and if you have studied, notably, Spanish or Italian you will have any problem.

The Article

1. There is only one definite article : Zi as in English.
   • zi buku = the book ; zi setju = the chair ; zi dogoy = the dogs.
   • We'll come again on the gender and numbers in the next lessons.
   • The undefined articles (a, an) do not exist, the partitive articles (some, any) neither.
     • buku = a book ; aglu = an eagle ; dogoy = some dogs, dogs.

The Syntax

1. The order of the words in a sentence is in general: subject, verb, complement(s).
2. The adjectives are put after the name, as in French.
   1. Zi buku blue.
3. The fremdu puts the ending -m to mark the accusative (not compulsory) or when there is movement: example of the use of the ending -m :
   1. The mark of the accusative or of the Direct Object (DO).
      1. Zi kida manjas pomum. Zi kida manjas pomu. The girl eats an apple.
   2. The mark of the movement.
      1. Zi katu saltas sur zi setju, i pos saltas sur zi tavolum. (The cat jumps on the chair, and afterwards he jumps to and on the table.)
4. The negation is indicated by the word ne before the implied word.
5. A question begins always by cu: Cu ili avas buku ? (Has he a book?) by a questioning pronoun beginning by W… : Wu vi estas ? (Who are you ?).

The Vocabulary

• Comparisons of the origins
• The roots of the fremdo language come in great part from the languages: French, Italian, Spanish, English, German and Russian.
• Here you have a table of comparison with these height languages:

Fremdi	English	Italian	French	German	Russian	Spanish	Esperanto	Lingua Franca
bone	good («bonus»)	buono	bon	gut («Bonus»)	khoroshiy (dobriy)	bueno	bona	bon
donare	give («donate»)	dare («donare»)	donner	geben	darit	dar, donar	doni	dona
filtrare	filter	filtrare	filtrer	filtern	filtrovat	filtrar	filtri	filtra
jardinu	garden	giardino	jardin	Garten	ogorod	jardín	gardeno	jardin
kavalu	horse («cavalry»)	cavallo	cheval	Pferd («Kavallerie»)	kobyla	caballo	chevalo	cavalo
maru	sea («marine»)	mare	mer	Meer	more	mar	maro	mar
naciu	nation	nazione	nation	Nation	natsija	nación	nacio	nasion
studiare	study	studiare	étudier	studieren	izuchat, shtudirovat	estudiar	studi	studia
jove	young («juvenile»)	giovane	jeune	jung	yunyi	joven	juna	joven

 

Exercises

• In this first lesson, there is only one exercise to keep well these elements of base.
  1. Recite the alphabet of the Fremdu and listen your pronunciation.
  2. A, Bo, Co, Do, E, Fo, Go, Ho, I, Jo, Ko, Lo, Mo, No, O, Po, Quo, Ro, So, To, U, Vo, Wo, Xo, Yo, Zo.
• This is valid for all the lessons, as soon as you master the exercises, be taken to the next lesson ...

The words of every day

Ordinary conversations :

• Yes = Yes
• No = Ne
• Thank-you = Dankum' = Dank'
• That's all right = Nedankindi
• Please = Bonvules
• Forgive me = Pardonu
• Goodbye = Til zi revidu, Tilzi'
• Farewell = Adeu
• To soon = Til pronti
• Good morning = Bone matinum (little common)
• Good day = Bone tagum = Bontag'
• Good evening = Bone vesperum = Bonvesper'
• Good night = Bone noktum = Bonnokt'
• Good afternoon = Bonpostagmezum (little common)
• Hello, my friend! Good day ! Salutum, amikom! Bone tagum! = Salut, amiko! Bontag!
• How do you do? = Wi vi fartas?
• I am fine, thanks! = Mi fartas boni, dank!
• And you ? = I vi ?
• Me too. What new? = Mi osi. Wa nove?

That you know

1. Reading all the words without mistake of pronunciation.
2. Writing all the words without spelling mistake.
3. Speaking without too much accent.
4. The unique article.
5. In English, you have needed several years to happen that...

Some ordinary endings

1. The 5 vowels : -A, -E, -I, -O and -U.
   • In fremdu most of the words have an ending that indicates invariably the type of used word, explanations :
     1. A noun will end always to the singular by : -A, -O, -U.
     2. An adjective will end always by : -E.
     3. An adverb (derived) will end always by : -I.
2. Thanks to that we are not going to need to learn as many words as in other languages, explanations :
   • Take the word "PATRU", the radical is : PATR, now let's add, to this radical, the 5 endings :
     1. patru = parent (neutral noun) ; patra = mother (feminine noun) ; patro = father (male noun) ; patre = parental (adjective) ; patri = parentally (adverb).

The Formation of the words

The words in fremdu are formed from a radical and of an ending. The ending indicates the nature of the word. Thus all the neutral nouns end by -U, the feminine nouns by -A, the male nouns by –O, the adjectives by -E, the adverbs derived by -I. The words can be combined to prefixes or suffixes. Here you are some endings :

word	Noun (neutral)	Noun n. (plural)	Noun (feminine)	Noun f. (plural)	Noun (male)	Noun m. (plural)	adjective	adverb
ending	u	uy	a	ay	o	oy	e	i
fremdi	kidu	kiduy	kida	kiday	kido	kidoy	fremde	fremdi
in English	child	children	girl	girls	boy	boys	foreign, Fremdu	in Fremdu

 

• The y of the plural is a half-consonant, therefore does not modify the place of the tonic accent. Ibidem for the w half-consonant.

Some Words

In this lesson we have still underlined the letter that receives the tonic accent.

anglulu	square	otu	car	blue	blue	bovidu	calf (neutral)	bovu	cow (neutral)	en	in
i	and	ile	male	kidu	child	kido	boy	lawde	loud	muziku	music
u	or	ularu	tools	ulu	instrument, tool	uliu	tool box	piksu	picture	side	sat, sedentary
silentu	silence	spide	speedy, quick	tre	very	olu	fellow, person	vivu	life	vivo u vivolo	a living being

 

Some affixes

• What is an affix ?
• An affix is an element that adds to a word to modify the sense.
  • When it is stuck before the word, one calls it prefix.
  • When it is stuck after the word, one calls it suffix.
• The affixes are very used in Fremdu, it is for that that one says about the Fremdu that it is an agglutinating language.

1. Example of word : (prefix + radical + suffix + ending)
   • neakirable = ne + akir + abl + e , how to decipher this word to translate it ?
     • The ending is e therefore it's an adjective.
     • The suffix is abl it expresses the possibility
     • The prefix is ne it express the negation, therefore in that case the impossibility
     • The radical is akir of acquiring, acquisition, etc..., therefore; who is impossible to acquire
   • neakirable = inaccessible

• To every next lesson we will learn more.

1. After the endings -A and -O that transforms the names in feminine and male, we have two suffixes that transform same way the adjectives and the adverbs (that end by -E and -I).
2. -el-, as the ending -a, gives a feminine sense to the radical.
3. -il-, as the ending -o, gives a male sense to the radical.
4. -ol-, gives a "living being" sense to the radical.
5. -ul-, adds an "instrumental" sense to the radical.
6. dez- gives a "inverse, opposite" sense to the radical.
7. diz- gives a "in several directions" sense to the radical.
8. mis- gives a "not rightly, in error" sense to the radical.

-u	neutral	patru	parent	patre	parental	patri	parentally
-el-	feminine	patra	mother	patrele	maternal	patreli	maternally
-il-	male	patro	father	patrile	paternal	patrili	paternally
kavalo	horse	kavala	mare	kavalilo	stallion	kavalolo	centaur
reptare	crawling	reptolu	reptile	razare	to shave	razulu	razor
bone	good	dezbone	bad	softe	soft	dezsofte	hard
komprenare	to understand	miskomprenare	to misunderstand	racie	proportionate	misracie	disproportionate
dize	scattered	dizi!	break off the rows !	donare	to give	dizdonare	to distribute, to deal

 

Exercises

Put the affixes and the next elements : a, e, i, o, u, zi, _ and translate.

patr_e	paternal	jov_	a teenager
dret_, _drete	right, left	_aventur_	misadventure
_jov_	an old female person	patr_i	maternally
bovo, bov_	_, cow	bov_o	bull
swipare, swip_o	_, broom	grindare, grind_o	_, mill
_ ot_ blu_	the blue car	_ piks_ tre interes_	a very interesting picture
_ kid_ i _ kid_ en _ ot_	the girl and the boy in a car	_ kid_ tre grand_	a very great child
spid_	quickly, fast	_ muziku tre lawd_	a very strong music
silent_ sid_	sat in silence	tre interes_	in a very interesting way
Lernes zel_!	Learn with conscience !	_ kid_ i _ patr_	the child and the mother

 

The words of every day

Continuation...

• I do not understand = Mi ne komprenas
• How does we say that in English? = Wi oni diras questum engli?
• Do you speak English? = Cu vi parolas engle?
• Englishman = Englano
• Frenchwoman = Francana
• Germany = Djerma
• Spanish = Espanyanu
• Chinese= Xinuy
• What is your name? = Wu estas vie nomu?
• Delighted = Ravixite
• How do you do? = Wi vi fartas?
• Well = Boni
• Badly = Dezboni
• Medium = Mezboni
• Good = Bone
• Bad = Dezbone
• Where are the toilets? = Wer estas zi wateru?
• Do you study the fremdo since long? = Cu vi lernas fremdum de longe taymu?
• Since two years! Do you understand me well? = De du yaru! Cu vi komprenas mim boni?
• Speak loudly, I beg you! = Paroles mos lawdi, mi pidas!
• Please speak less fast. = Bonvules parolare les spidi.
• OK! = okiti!

What you know

1. Recognize a noun, of an adjective and of an adverb.
2. Recognize the feminine, of the male and of the neutral.
3. Guess the opposite.
4. Form words.
5. Form pieces of sentences.

The Personal Pronouns and their Derivatives

Personal Pronouns		Possessive Pronouns		Reflexive Pronouns
MI	me	MIE	my, mine, mines	MISELF	myself
TI	you (thou)	TIE	your, yours	TISELF	yourself
VI	you (singular)	VIE	your, yours	VISELF	yourself
ELI	she	ELIE	her	ELISELF	herself
ILI	he	ILIE	him	ILISELF	himself
LI	it	LIE	its	LISELF	itself
SI	himself, herself, itself, themselves	SIE	his, her, its, their own	SISELF	himself, herself, itself, themselves
ONI	one	ONIE	one's	ONISELF	oneself
NU	we	NUE	our, ours	NUSELF	ourselves
VU	you (plural)	VUE	your, yours	VUSELF	yourselves
ELU	they, them (female)	ELUE	their, theirs	ELUSELF	themselves
ILU	they, them (male)	ILUE	their, theirs	ILUSELF	themselves
LU	they, them (neutre)	LUE	their, theirs	LUSELF	themselves

 

Some ordinary endings (continuation and end)

• You know already the endings in : -A, -E, -I, -O and -U.
• In this lesson, you are going to learn the endings of the verbs in : -ARE, -AS, -ES, -IS, -OS and -US
• The words in fremdu are formed from a radical and of an ending. The ending indicates the nature of the word. Thus all the verbs are ended at the infinitive by -are. Here you are some endings, including the main tenses of verb :

word	Infinitive	Present	Past	Future	Conditional	Imperative	subjunctive
ending	are	as	is	os	us	es	es
fremdi	andare	andas	andis	andos	andus	andes!	andes
in English	to go	go, goes	went, have gone	will go	would go	go!	went

 

The Conjugation

The infinitive

• All the verbs to the infinitive end by: -ARE.
• Pronunciation:
  1. to eat = manjare : manjare ; to see = vidare : vidare ; etc...

The indicative

1. Example with the verb estare = to be
2. At the present, the verbs replace their ending -ARE by -AS to all the persons.
3. At the past, the verbs replace their ending -ARE by -IS to all the persons.
   • In general, there is not difference between the imperfect, the simple past and the peterit in Fremdo, it is quite simply the past.
4. At the future, the verbs replace their ending -ARE by -OS to all the persons.
5. At the conditional, the verbs replace their ending -ARE by -US to all the persons.
6. At the imperative, the verbs replace their ending -ARE by -ES to all the persons.
7. At the subjunctive, the verbs replace their ending -ARE by -ES to all the persons.

Board of Conjugation

Present		Past		Future		Conditional		Imperative		Subjunctive
fremdi	in English	fremdi	in English	fremdi	in English	fremdi	in English	fremdi	in English	fremdi	in English
estare	to be	askare	to ask	avare	to have	pidare	to ask for	lektare	to read	parolare	to speak
mi estas	I am	mi askis	I have asked	mi avos	I will have	mi pidus	I would ask for			mi paroles	I speak
ti estas	you are	ti askis	you have asked	ti avos	you will have	ti pidus	you would ask for	lektes !	read !	ti paroles	you speak
vi estas	you are	vi askis	you have asked	vi avos	you will have	vi pidus	you would ask for	vi lektes !	read !	vi paroles	you speak
eli estas	she is	eli askis	she has asked	eli avos	she will have	eli pidus	she would ask for			eli paroles	she speaks
ili estas	he is	ili askis	he has asked	ili avos	he will have	ili pidus	he would ask for			ili paroles	he speaks
li estas	it is	li askis	it has asked	li avos	it will have	li pidus	it would ask for			li paroles	it speaks
oni estas	one is	oni askis	one has asked	oni avos	one will have	oni pidus	one would ask for			oni paroles	one speaks
nu estas	we are	nu askis	we have asked	nu avos	we will have	nu pidus	we would ask for	nu lektes !	let's read!	nu paroles	we speak
vu estas	you are	vu askis	you have asked	vu avos	you will have	vu pidus	you would ask for	vu lektes !	read !	vu paroles	you speak
elu estas	they are	elu askis	they have asked	elu avos	they will have	elu pidus	they would ask for			elu paroles	they speak
ilu estas	they are	ilu askis	they have asked	ilu avos	they will have	ilu pidus	they would ask for			ilu paroles	they speak
lu estas	they are	lu askis	they have asked	lu avos	they will have	lu pidus	they would ask for			lu paroles	they speak

 

1. As in English (her / elie and his / ilie) it is the subject that predominates for the possessive pronoun.

Some Words

amike	friendly	antaw	before, in front of	boni	well	bonvulare	be so kind as to	diskutare	to discuss	doru	door
interesare	to interest	kun	with	kurare	to run	langu	language	lernare	to learn	ofti	often
hobiu	hobby	pensare	to think	poxu	pocket	pri	about	pasejare	to go for a walk	spidi	quickly
parolare	to speak	tongu	tongue	xe	at, beside, with	veinu	neighbor	wedo	husband	worku	work

 

Some affixes

1. -aj-, gives the sense "materialization" expressed by the root.
2. -ey-, gives the sense "of usual place" expressed by the root.
3. -i-, gives the sense "of packaging" expressed by the root.
4. -uy-, gives the sense "of receptacle" expressed by the root.

aju	a thing	ajuy	business	spirite	spiritual	spiritaju	witticism
serare	to saw	seraju	sawdust	laktu	milk	laktaju	dairy product
eyu	place	forjare	to forge	forjeyu	forge	otu	car
oteyu	garage	iu	container	sukru	sugar	sukriu	sugar bowl
drinkare	to drink	drinkiu	watering place	uyu	scabbard	uyare	fitting together
cigaretu	cigarette	cigaretuyu	smoke cigarette	futu	foot	futuyu	wedge-foot, stirrup

 

Exercises

Put : the endings, the affixes and the personal and possessive pronouns

_ pens_ pri _	I will think about it	_ pens_ pri _	He thinks about him
_ es_ _ vein_	You are my neighbor	_ pens_ pri _ amik_	She will think to her friend
_ pren_ _ xlosulum de _ mon_u.	I take my key of your purse.	_ open_ _ otum i _ ofand_ lim de zi ot_u	She opens his car and I take it out from the garage.
_ venig_ _ kavalum antaw zi drink_u.	It takes her horse in front of the watering place.	_ and_ al drunk_u por parolare pri _.	We go to the pub to talk about them.

 

The words of each day

Continuation...

• husbands = weduy
• your wife = vie weda
• my husband = mie wedo
• I have three children = mi avas tri fiyu
• two daughters and a son = du fiya i unu fiyo
• mother = patra
• mum = patrinya
• father = patro
• dad = patrinyo
• your parents = vie patruy
• a friend (boy) = amiko
• a friend (girl) = amika
• friends = amikuy
• How old are you ? = Won atje vi estas?
• I'm twenty = mi estas dudisyare.

What you know

1. The personal pronouns.
2. Conjugate the verbs at the indicative, the subjunctive, the imperative and the conditional tenses.
3. Define any particular place, packaging and ?realizing every abstract idea.
4. Understand and make to understand with small sentences yourself.

Summary

1. In these three first lessons, we have learned the base of the Fremdu, it does not miss more than to expand your vocabulary to be a perfect individual who wants to start the range of that wanting to communicate.
2. In the next lessons we will see the syntax of the sentences and the small words that have a great importance.

To Discover

THE FAMILY							THE CLOSE ENVIRONMENT
Root	Suffix	English	Prefix	Root	Suffix	English	Prefix	Root	Suffix	English
YAY	+ u =	grandparent		NEP	+ u =	grandson		RELATIVE	+ u =	relative
	+ o =	grandfather			+ o =	grandson			+ o =	relative
	+ a =	grandmother			+ a =	granddaughter			+ a =	relative
PATR	+ u =	parent	duon +	PATR	+ u =	"stepparent"	bo +	PATR	+ u =	"parent-in-law"
	+ o =	father	duon +		+ o =	stepfather	bo +		+ o =	father-in-law
	+ a =	mother	duon +		+ a =	stepmother	bo +		+ a =	mother-in-law
FIY	+ u =	child	duon +	FIY	+ u =	"stepchild"	bo +	FIY	+ u =	"child-in-law"
	+ o =	son	duon +		+ o =	stepson	bo +		+ o =	son-in-law
	+ a =	daughter	duon +		+ a =	step-daughter	bo +		+ a =	daughter-in-law
FRAT	+ u =	brother	duon +	FRAT	+ u =	half-brother		KID	+ u =	child
	+ o =	brother	duon +		+ o =	half-brother			+ o =	boy
	+ a =	sister	duon +		+ a =	half-sister			+ a =	daughter
ONKL	+ u =	uncle (neutral)		NEV	+ u =	nephew (neutral)		KUZ	+ u =	cousin (neutral)
	+ o =	uncle			+ o =	nephew			+ o =	cousin
	+ a =	aunt			+ a =	niece			+ a =	cousin

 

The Syntax

1. We begin by the more important the word and we finishe by the less important word.
2. In other languages, notably in English it is the opposite.
   • Zi otu blue estas nove.
   • The blue car is new.
3. With the ending we can know where the noun positions, the adjective, the verb, etc...
4. In other words that a sentence can be said by an English, understood by a French and in an opposite way.
5. We will have the opportunity of talking about the accusative ulteriorly, that will be still more striking.

The Number

1. Like in English, the adjective and the adverb are invariable.
2. We have seen that the verbs are also.
3. To mark the plural, one of the two next "ingredients" is needed:
   1. It suffices that only one word carries the notion of plural so that everyone the other that refer to it are automatically without being modified.
   2. To put a noun to the plural, one must add to the ending of the word the half-consonant -y.
      • zi dogo = the dog ; zi dogoy = the dogs ; dogo = a dog ; dogoy = dogs ; du dogo = two dogs ; multi da dogo = many dogs.
   3. We could write du dogoy to say two dogs, but two expresses already a quantity superior to one, therefore not need of plural. Ibidem for multe dogoy.

The Negation

1. Yes = yes and Ne = no, not.
2. The negative words place themselves always in the face of the word that undergoes the negation.
   • The negative words are: ne not and the correlative ones beginning by ne-.
3. Only one term suffices to give a negative sense to a sentence.
   • A double negative can highlight the opposite.
4. Ni = nor, its use :
   • After ne or another ni.
     • Never after sen = without, one will use rather i = and.
     • Never alone.

The Adverb

1. As for NE, the adverbs position rather before the words that they modify, another example :
2. ONLI = only.
   1. Mi onli pasejis tiwer = I only went for a walk there
   2. Mi pasejis onli tiwer = I went for a walk only there
   3. Onli mi pasejis tiwer = Only me went for a walk there

Mi ne parolas pri tiwu buku.	I do not talk about this book.	Elu vulas manjare bovajum i rizum.	They want to eat from the ox and from the rice.
Ne Ili parolas pri tiwu buku.	It is not he that speaks about this book.	Mi vulis manjare ni bovajum ni rizum.	I have wanted to eat neither ox nor rice.
Nu parolas ne pri tiwu buku.	We speak, but not of this book.	Nu vulos manjare sen salum i pebrum.	We will want to eat without salt and pepper.

 

Some Words

frutu

fruit

moblu

piece of furniture

bestu

animal

objektu

object

homu

human being

kidu

child

kapu

head

pomu

apple

tavolu

table

katu

cat

buku

book

homa

woman

kida

girl

limbu supre

superior limb

piru

pear

setju

chair

dogu

dog

tasu

cup

homo

man

kido

boy

korpu

body

taronju

orange

litu

bed

birdu

bird

kapsu

box

home

human

kide

childish

limbu infre

inferior limb

 

Some affixes

1. -id-, gives the sense "offspring" expressed by the root.
2. pra-, gives the sense "a far past or future" expressed by the root.
3. -eks-, gives the sense "no longer" expressed by the root.

idu	descendant	idaru	posterity	reyu	king	reyidu	prince
katu	cat	katidu	kitten	prae	primitive	prau	ancestor
prayayo	great-grandfather	pranepa	great-granddaughter	prahistoriu	prehistory	pratipu	prototype
eks	ex-	ekse	in retirement	ekses!	down!	eksijare	to resign
eksiju	resignation	eksigare	to dismiss	weda	bride	eksweda	divorcee

 

Exercises

Put : the endings, the affixes, the personal and possessive pronouns

_ pasej_ kun _ _nep_	He went for a walk with his (own) great-grandson	_ pasej_ kun _ _wed_	She goes for a walk with her ex-husband (to another)
_ amik_ trov_ tiwum en _ pox_	Your friend has found this in her pocket	_ star_ antaw _	They are stood in front of me
_ parol_ pri _self	One talks about oneself	_ ven_ per _ ot_	We came with our car
_ i _ wed_ est_ xe _	He and his wife were to my place. (the wife of another)	_ kun _ wed_ and_ al _	Her with her husband have gone to them. (the husband of hers)
_ kun _ ofti diskut_ pri _ work_	Me and she discuss often of our work	_ frat_ i _ frat_ av_ dog_um	His brother (at him) and my sister have a puppy
_ est_ silent_	I was silent.	_ pens_ est_ silent_	I intended to be silent.
_ dir_ : “est_ silent_!”	I would say: "Be silent"!	Bonvul_ kloz_ _ dorum!	Thank-you of closing the door!
_ pid_, ke _ ven_	I have asked that she comes	Lern_ languym est_ _ hobi_	To learn the languages will be his hobby

 

The words of each day

Continuation...

• To eat = Manjare
• How many does that cost? = Won tiwa kostas?
• What is it? = Wa estas tiwa?
• I take it, I buy it = Mi kompras lim.
• I would want to buy... = Mi vulus komprare...
• Do you have? = Cu vi avas?
• Do you accept the credit cards? = Cu vi aceptas zi kreditkartuym ?
• closed = klozite
• opened = openite
• the breakfast = matinmanju
• the lunch = tagmanju
• the dinner = vespermanju
• vegetarian = vejetaranu
• health! = Ye vie sanu!
• The bill, please. = Zi sumu, bonvules.
• What day are we today? = Wone tagu estas astag?
• It is January first ! = Estas zi unue de jeneru!
• What time is it now? = Wone horu estas naw?
• It is three past quarter. = Estas due i quaronu. Estas due qua'.

What you know

1. Name every member of your family and of your close or distant environment.
2. The syntax of the Fremdo.
3. Say what you think and say its opposite.

To Discover

THE HUMAN BODY

Kapu	kabeluy	hair	Limbu Supre	xuldu	shoulder	Korpu	mamu	breast	Limbu infre	engonu	groin
	fruntu	front		akselu	armpit		mugru	nipple		femuru	thigh
	browu	eyebrow		braku	arm		mampuntu	breast		genuu	knee
	okyu	eye		elbu	elbow		txesto	chest (m)		legu	leg
	okyopelu	eyelash		antawbraku	forearm		txesta	chest (f)		kalfu	calf
	orelu	ear		manradiku	wrist		tayu	waist		futradiku	ankle
	nazu	nose		manu	hand		umbiliku	navel		futu	foot
	txiku	cheek		ditu	finger		flanku	flank		futditu	toe
	buxu	mouth		dikditu	thumb		ventru	stomach		futdikditu	big toe
	txinu	chin		indikditu	index		subventru	lower abdomen
	gorju	throat		mezditu	major		pubu	pubis		seksu	sex (neutral)
	nuku	nape		ringditu	annular		anku	hip		seksa	sex (female)
	kapu	head		ditetu	little finger		pelu	hair		sekso	sex (male)

 

The Accusative

1. We have seen that the syntax (investment of the words ones in relation to the others) is not not primordial in Fremdu because the endings of the words us guide on the quality of the word (name, verb, adjective or adverb).
2. What to say of: Joano salutas Klara
   1. We notice the verb salutas, but who is subject and who is the supplement (here the D.O)?
   2. In the classical syntax (subject + verb + supplement) Joano is subject and Klara is DO = John greets Claire.
   3. If one manages without syntax that becomes more complicated! But we have a simple solution: the accusative.
3. The accusative is a case expressing the direct object (O.D.), in other words the acting who undergoes the action exercised by the subject of an active direct transitive verb, it is marked by the ending -m. It is put after the ending -o, -a or -u of the noun or the ending -y of the plural.
   1. Joanom salutas Klara = Claire greets John
   2. Joano salutas Klaram = John greets Claire
4. You see that the accusative is not necessary when the sentence is simple, but it can be useful when the sentence is long. It acts the audible and visible role of mark. On the other hand it allows mixing the words without changing the sense from the sentence :
   1. Joanom vidis zi dogo. = the dog saw John.
   2. Vidis Joanom zi dogo. = the dog saw John.
   3. Zi dogo Joanom vidis . = the dog saw John.
5. The accusative is a friend because it simplifies the sense of the sentences, notably:
   1. To indicate a movement :
      • Zi katu saltas sur zi tavolu. The cat jumps on the table. (The cat is already on the table and he jumps).
      • Zi katu saltas sur zi tavolum. The cat jumps on the table. (The cat is on the chair and jumps to and on the table).
   • To indicate a direction :
     • Wer ? Where ?
     • Werm ? To where ?
   • To replace a preposition :
     • Joano andas al Londona = Joano andas Londonam. John goes to London.

The Questions

1. In fremdu, there are 10 words to question : cu, wu, wuz, way, wer, wen, wa, won, we and wi.
2. There is not need of inverting some words (verb-subject) in a sentence.
   • CU? = is that? the reply is YES = yes or NE = no.
3. Afterwards come the 9 interrogative pronouns (board to the next lesson).
   • To remember them 2 groups:
   • WU? = who? WUZ? = whose, of which? WAY? = why? WER? = where? WEN? = when? WA? = what?
     • very easy, isn't it?
   • WON? = how many? WE? = what sort of? WI? = how?
     • The ending of the correlative ones will indicate to you what word it waits for:
     • Zi otu blue veikas spidi. The blue car runs in a fast way.
       2. We zi otu estas? Zi otu estas blue. The car is blue.
       3. Wi zi otu veikas? Zi otu veikas spidi. The car runs in a fast way.
4. The ending in -y and -m apply also to these words.
   1. Joano kun patray kisas Klaram i zi kiduym = John with mothers kiss Claire and the children
   2. - Wu? = who? - Joano = John.
   3. - Wum? = who? - Klaram = Claire.
   4. - Wuy? = who? - patray = mothers.
   5. - Wuym? = who? - Zi kiduym = the children.
   6. Etc...

Some Words

alte	tall	amika	a friend	amiko	friend	bone	good	gustu	the taste	bonguste	delicious
tiwer	there	ci	(denotes proximity)	ci tiwer	here	falare	to fall	gladare	to be glad	andare	to go
komprenare	to understand	koridoru	corridor	kun	with	longe	long	manjare	to eat	metru	meter
homu	human being, person	homa	woman	homo	man	horu	hour	planku	floor	sandwitxu	sandwich
stritu	street	sur	on	olwu	each	olwuy	everyone	trans	across	vendredu	Friday
vidare	to see	vere	true	veri	really	xefu	chief	xefe	main	xefi	principally

 

Some affixes

1. -ij-, gives the sense "become" expressed by the root.
2. -ig-, gives the sense "cause something to be" expressed by the root.
3. -eg-, gives the sense "very large" expressed by the root.
4. -et-, gives the sense "very small" expressed by the root.

 

wedo	husband	wedigare	to marry	wedijare	to marry	wediju	marriage
ijare	to become	igare	to cause...	stonigare	to petrify	wetigare	to make wet
kridare	to shout	kridegare	to shriek	urbu	city	urbegu	metropolis
ridare	to laugh	ridetare	to smile	bele	beautiful	belete	pretty
ete	small	etigare	to shorten	ege	enormous	egi	extremely

 

Exercises

Put the affixes, the endings -a, -e, -i, -o, -u, -y, -m, _ and the word: cu

Mi_ vidas eli_ amik_.	I see her friend.	_ v_ kompren_?	Do you understand?
_ ver_?	Really?	Eli_ amik_ estas hom_ alt_.	Her friend is a tall man.
Ili neg_is en zi ri_u.	He has drowned himself in the brook.	Zi rey_ nobil_os eli_ frat_om xe zi ri_u.	The king will ennoble her little brother close to the river.
Mi_ kun eli_ vidas homu_ alt_.	Me with her, we see tall people.	Lu_ andas tras zi strit_ xef_.	They go across from the main street.
Mi_ manjas sandwitxu_ bongust_.	I eat a delicious sandwich.	Mi_ vidas l_.	I see them.
Eli_ tiwer_ veikis kun si_ amik_.	She has gone there with her friend.	Nu_ spid_ kuris tras zi strit_u_.	In a fast way we have run across from the avenue.
Lu_ vidas mi_.	They see me.	Vendred_ nu_ andos olwuy xe mi_ yay_.	Friday all of us will go to my grandmother.
Zi koridor_ estis du metro_ long_.	The corridor made two meters of length.	Mi_ gladas, ke li_ ne falis sur zi planku_.	I look forward that it has not fallen on the ground.
Ili_ estis ci tiwer du hor__.	He has been here two hours.	Zi bildaj_ estas tri cent metru_ alt_.	The building is three a hundred meters of top.

 

The words of every day

Continuation...

• bread = panu
• a drink = drinkaju
• coffee = kafu
• tea = teu
• orange juice = oranjsuku
• water = aquu
• beer = biru
• wine = vinu
• salt = salu
• pepper = pebru
• meat = viandaju
• beef = bovaju
• pork = porkaju
• fish = pexaju
• poultry = kokaju
• vegetables = legomuy
• a fruit = frutu
• a potato = terpomu
• salad = saladu
• a dessert = postru
• an ice = glacaju
• postcard = postkartu
• stamps = postmarkuy
• a lot = multi
• a little = nemulti
• all = olwa
• Where do you go? = Werm vi andas?
• I come back from the school. = Mi revenas lerneyi.
• I have not seen it since long time. = Mi ne vidis lim de longetaymu.

What you know

1. The parts of the human body.
2. The role of the accusative.
3. Asking questions.

To Discover

Taymu The Time
Yaru Year
Springu Spring			Estivu Summer			Otonu Autumn			Wintru Winter
Mensuy Month
Martu March	Aprilu April	Mayu May	Junyu June	Juliu July	Agosto August	Setembru September	Oktobru October	Nowembru November	Disembru Décember	Jeneru January	Febreru February
Wiku Week										Wikfinu Week end
Luntagu Monday		Martagu Tuesday		Mertagu Wednesday		Jovtagu Thursday		Ventagu Friday		Sabtagu Saturday	Suntagu Sunday
Tagnoktu Day (of 24H)
Istag / Yesterday				Astag / Today				Ostag / Tomorrow
tagiju daybreak		tagu day		Matinu Morning	Tagmezu Midday	Postagmezu Afternoon		Vesperu Evening	Noktu Night	Noktumezu Midnight
Horu Hour				Minutu Minute				Sekundu Second

 

THE CORRELATIVES

Those are words formed by combining a beginning and an interrogative pronoun.

The adverbs "correlatives" are:

1. Interrogatives
   • Wa? Way? We? Wen? Wer? Wi? Won? Wu? and Wuz?
2. Indefinites, demonstratives, collectives, negatives and relatives
   • Of place, of time and of manner

1. To the previous lesson, you have learned to ask some questions with beginning words by W-.
2. There are 4 beginnings and 9 endings that, receivers in several ways, allow forming 36 words.
3. The exact meaning of a correlative one is the concept formed by the combination of the meanings of the word of the beginning and of the word of the end. There is not an exact correspondence with the English inevitably always.
   • The correlatives in -U are often used as pronouns.
   • The correlatives in -ON are often follow-ups of the preposition DA.

The Correlatives

First entry				Second entry
				thing	->	WA
				reason, for ... reason	->	WAY
SOM	->	some		kind of, sort of	->	WE
TI	->	that		time	->	WEN
OL	->	every		place	->	WER
NE	->	no		manner, in ... way	->	WI
				quantity (amount	->	WON
				one, or person	->	WU
				one's, person's	->	WUZ

 

 

Table Correlates

	WA	WAY	WE	WEN	WER	WI	WON	WU	WUZ
SOM	SOMWA	SOMWAY	SOMWE	SOMWEN	SOMWER	SOMWI	SOMWON	SOMWU	SOMWUZ
TI	TIWA	TIWAY	TIWE	TIWEN	TIWER	TIWI	TIWON	TIWU	TIWUZ
OL	OLWA	OLWAY	OLWE	OLWEN	OLWER	OLWI	OLWON	OLWU	OLWUZ
NE	NEWA	NEWAY	NEWE	NEWEN	NEWER	NEWI	NEWON	NEWU	NEWUZ

1. wu and wo are put if necessary to the accusative and become : wum and wom.
2. wer is put if necessary to the accusative to indicate the direction and becomes werm.
3. wu, tiwu and olwu are put if necessary to the plural and become : wuy, tiwuy and olwuy.
4. There is not problem to remember these for next words, isn't it? : Wu?, Wuz? Way? Wer? Wen?Wa (what)?
   
5. It will not be hard, to remember these three last words, because:
   1. The we? waits a reply finishing by e, A quality, as an adjective : bele.
   2. The wi? waits for a finishing reply by i, A way, as an adverb : spidi.
6. The more complicated if it is, it's: Won? = How Many ? Won da...? = How much of...?

 

Translation of the correlatives

SOMWA	something, anything	TIWA	that, that thing	OLWA	everything, all things	NEWA	nothing
SOMWAY	for some reason	TIWAY	for that reason	OLWAY	for every reason	NEWAY	for no reason
SOMWE	some kind of, any kind of	TIWE	that kind of, such a	OLWE	every kind of, all kinds of	NEWE	no kind of
SOMWEN	sometime, anytime, ever	TIWEN	then, at that time	OLWEN	always, at all times	NEWEN	never, at no time, not ever
SOMWER	somewhere, anywhere, in some place	TIWER	there, in that place	OLWER	everywhere, in every place	NEWER	nowhere, in no place
SOMWI	somehow, in some way	TIWI	that way, thus, like that, so	OLWI	in every way	NEWI	in no way
SOMWON	some	TIWON	so much, as many	OLWON	the whole quantity, all of it	NEWON	not a bit, none
SOMWU	somebody	TIWU	that person	OLWU	each, everyone	NEWU	nobody
SOMWUZ	someone's	TIWUZ	that one's	OLWUZ	everyone's	NEWUZ	no one's

 

Some Words

al	at, to	astag	today	antaw	before, in front of	antawi	beforehand	blonde	fair	dormare	to sleep
lojare	to dwell	eksavare	to find out	ekare	to begin	tiwu	this	fiyu	son, daughter	ijare	to become, to get
interesare	to interest	internacie	international	istag	yesterday	kawzu	cause	komprenare	to understand	kun	with
langu	language	lernare	to learn	librare	to free	librijare	to free oneself	deze	opposite	monu	money
multe	a lot of, much	naskare	give birth to	naskijare	to born	naskijtagu	birthday	okazare	to occur, to happen	homu	human being, person
ostag	tomorrow	pasejare	to go for a walk	pelu	hair	pos	after	raydare	to ride	savare	to know
skribare	to write	skribulu	pen	starare	to stand	tagu	day	titxare	to teach	venare	to come
veikare	to travel	veinu	neighbor	veri	really	vinxare	to defeat	dezvinxare	to lose	vizitare	to attend, to visit
warme	warm	dezwarme	cold	wedo	husband	buskare	to search	yaru	year	yen	behold, there

 

Some affixes

1. -atx-, gives a sense "bad" to the root.
2. -ek-, gives a sense "(suddenly) begin" to the root.
3. -ec-, gives a sense "quality as an abstract idea" to the root.
4. -iny-, gives a sense "familiar form" to the root.

atxe	awful, rotten	atxige	pejorative	langu	language	langatxu	gibberish
ekare	to begin	ek!	let's go!	bruligare	to burn	ekbruligare	to inflame
ecu	quality	ece	qualitative	ecaru	character	bonecu	kindness
warmecu	heat	profesorecu	professorship	silku	silk	silkece	silky
Joano	John	Joaninyo	Johnny	Joana	Jane	Joaninya	Janet

 

Exercises

Put the endings and the correlative ones

_ est_ tiw_?	What is it?	_ t_ kompren_?	Did you understand ?
_ ver_?	Really?	_ okaz_ tiw_?	When has it happened?
_ il_ parol_ ?	How does he speak?	_ t_ busk_?	What do you look for?
_ est_ tiw_ skrib_?	Whose is this pen?	_ interes_ t_?	What interests you?
_ pasej_ _ t_?	Who has gone for a walk with you?	_ t_ ne ven_ al mi?	Why don't you have come to see me?
_ ti dorm_ astag?	How have you slept today?	_ hom_ il_ est_?	What kind of person he is?
_ otu est_ ti_?	What car is yours?	_ estas ti_ naskijtagu?	When is your birthday?
_ ti loj_?	Where do you live?	_ da hom_ est_ en ti_ grupu?	How many people are in your group?
_ eli busk_?	What does she look for?	_ busk_ krayon_ blu_?	Who looked for a blue pencil?
_ krayon_ il_ busk_?	What kind of pencil does he look for?	_ est_ il_ naskijtago?	When his birthday will be?
_ naskijtagu est_ ostag?	Tomorrow, it will be the birthday to whom?	_ est_ astag?	What is today?
_ naskijtagu est_ istag?	Yesterday, it was the birthday to whom?	_ lern_ lang_ internaci_?	Why to learn an international language?
Yen staras tiw_ homo, w_ vizitis m_ istag.	This is the man who has visited to me yesterday.	New_ eksavos tiw_, w_ okazis.	Nobody will find out what has happened.
Ti estas tut_ tiw_, w_ ti estis antaw multe yaru.	You are entirely such than you were a lot of years ago.	En zi urbu estis tiw_ da homu, w_ mi stil new_ vidis.	In the city there were more people than I had still never seen some.
Zi hom_, w_ kabeluy estas blond_, estas eli_ wed_.	The man whose hair is fair is her husband.	Eli venos tiw_, w_ eli liberijos.	She will come when she will free.
Ili ne vulas loj_ tiw_, w_ estas tro dezwarm_.	Hedoes not want to live there where it is too much cold.	Mi ne vulas farare tiw_, w_ ne interesas mim.	I do not want to do what is not interesting for me.
Far_ tiw_ tiw_, w_ ti faris antaw_.	Do it in the same way that beforehand.	Ili pidis de mi tiw_ da monu, w_ mi ne avis.	He has asked me for money that I did not have.
Zi kawzu, w_ ili dezvinxis, estis tiw_, ke ili dezmulti sportis.	The reason for which he has lost is that he took himself little.	Tiw_ homa, w_ staras delpos mi, estas mi_ vein_.	This woman, who is behind me, is my neighbor.
Olw_ okazis en tiw_ taymu, w_ ili stil ne lojis ci tiw_.	Everything has happened at this time, that he did not live here yet.	Tiw_ homu, w_ ti estas zi fiy_, estas vi_ patr_.	This man, whose son you are, is your father.

 

The words of every day

Continuation...

• Journeys = Viatjuy
• Where is ...? = Wer estas ...?
• What is the price of the ticket? = Won kostas zi tiketu?
• A ticket|bill to go..., please. = Tiketu por andare ..., bonvules.
• Where do you live? = Wer vi lojas?
• From where are you? = De wer vi estas?
• Where do you go? = Werm vi andas?
• the train = zi trenu
• a bus = busu
• the subway = zi subtrenu
• an airport = luftpordu
• the train station = trenstaciu
• the bus station = busstaciu
• the subway station = substaciu
• the departure = forandu
• an arrival = alvenu
• agency of car hire = oturenteyu
• the passport = zi paspordu
• the parking = parkadu
• a Hotel = hotelu
• restaurant = restoraciu
• menu = menuu
• Do you have free bedrooms tonight? = Cu vi avas rumuym dezplene pro tiwu noktu?
• complete = komplete
• the reservation = zi rezervadu
• He came two months ago. = Ili venis antaw du mensu.
• I will visit to him in some weeks. = Mi vizitos ilim pos kelke wiku.
• What do you want? = Wam vi deziras?

What you know

1. Being situated in the time.
2. The 36 correlatives.

To Discover

Zi domu The house
doru door	xlosulu key	panyu lock	enandu entry
windu window	kurtinu curtain	windkovrulu shutter	windvitru pane
rufu roof	tegolu tile	plafonu ceiling	lampu gulp
planku floor	tapisu carpet	muru wall	piksu picture
rumu room	dormrumu bedroom	manjrumu dining room	balnrumu bathroom
xranku cupboard	litu bed	tavolu table	balniu bathtub
rumegu hall	dormeyu dormitory	manjeyu canteen	balneyu the baths
setju chair	kukeyu kitchen	wateru toilet	rumaru apartment
braksetju armchair	skribtavolu desk	xelfu shelf	kloku clock

 

The HOUR

• Wone horu estas? What time is it?

1. Estas zi due !  It's two o'clock !
2. Estas zi trie i quaronu ! It's a quarter past three !
3. Estas zi unue i duonu ! It's half past one !
4. Estas zi quarono de quare ! It's a quarter to four !
   • We also say, to simplify:
5. Estas zi due ! (2H00 - 14H00)
6. Estas zi trie i qua' ! (3H15 - 15H15)
7. Estas zi unue i duqua'! (1H30 - 13H30)
8. Estas zi qua' de quare ! (3H45 - 15H45)
   • For the other hours, we say:
9. Estas zi disquare ! It's fourteen ! (14H00)
10. Estas zi dissete kintdis-sis ! It's seventeen fifty six! (17H56)

• Won da taymu tiwa duros? How much time that will last?
• Cirkaw zi nowe. Ye zi okte. Around nine o'clock. At eight o'clock.
• Inter zi quare i zi kinte. Between four and five hours.
• Meznoktu i duonu. Half past midnight.
• Estas meztagu. It's midday.
• Duonhoru. A half-hour.
• Eli matinmanjas ye zi sete. She takes her breakfast at seven o'clock.
• Ye zi wone horu vi ekas workare? At what time do you start working on?
• Mi matinas pro andare al zi lerneyu. I get up early to go to the school.
• Kosis matinas posmeztage! Cossis raises early the afternoon!

Shades in Conjugation (little used)

1. We know the 5 tenses most used in Fremdu, with their ending -as, -es, -is, -os and -us.
   • If you need to shade the tenses, there are 4 small words that will help you:
   • Attention of the affixes used as prefix or as suffixes do not have the same meaning.
     1. EK used as a suffix + IS = The Preterit :
        • mi vidis = I have seen ; mi videkis = I saw.
        • EK used as a prefix = the beginning of an action, a sudden and momentary action:
        • eli kantis = she has sung; eli ekkantis = she starts to sing.
        • vu vidis = you have seen; vu ekvidis = you have noticed.
        • EK used as prefix and suffix, vu ekvidekis = you had noticed.
     2. AD used as a suffix + IS = the Imperfect :
        • vi manjis = you have eaten ; vi manjadis = you ate.
     3. JUS used = the Close Past :
        • nu lernis = we have learned ; nu jus lernis = we have just learned.
     4. TUY used = the Close Future :
        • elu venos = they will come ; elu tuy venos = they are going to come.
2. Later, we will see other shades of conjugation.
3. Do not forget that these tense are little used in Fremdo, but they exist to help you.

Some Words

atlist	at least	amike	friendly	amiko	friend	apen	barely	blue	blue	base	low
dirare	to say, to tell	dogo	dog	domu	house	fiyo	son	fiya	daughter	facile	easy
forku	pitchfork	ete	tiny	forketu	fork	ja	already	jus	just now	kato	cat
ke	that	kelke	some	konexare	to be acquainted with	kun	with	longe	long	onklo	uncle
grande	large, great, big	dezu	the opposite	dezgrande	small, little	naw	now	ne	no, not	ostu	bone
monu	money	iu	container	moniu	purse	plu	more	presk	nearly	patro	father
savare	to know	stil	still, yet	parolare	to speak	adi	continually	paroladu	speech	tre	very
tro	too much	tuy	immediately	urbu	city, town	veino	neighbor	ya	indeed	yen	there

 

Some affixes

1. -abl-, gives the sense of "possibilité passive" to the root.
2. -iv-, gives the sense of "active possibility" to the root.
3. -em-, mark the "inclination" in relation to the root.
4. -end-, gives the sense of "passive obligation" to the root.
5. -ind-, gives the sense of "worthy of" in relation to the root.

able	possible	abli	maybe	ablas	it is possible	ablu	possibility
manjable	edible	komprenable	comprehensible	nesuspektable	unsuspected	sentable	perceptible
eme al	tendency to	emu	propensity	komprenare	to understand	kompreneme	comprehensive
endas	it must be done	pagende	to pay	farare	to do	farende	to fulfill
indu	worth	dezinde	unworthy	suspektu	suspicion	suspektinde	suspect
pagu	payment	pagive	solvent	sentu	feeling	sentive	sensitive

 

Exercises

Put the words : de, elie, ilie, lue, mie, nue, somwuz, vie, wuz and the endings

Zi dogo _ Joano.	The dog of John.	_ dogo.	The dog of somebody.
_ dogo.	My dog.	Zi ostu _ _ dogo.	The bone of your dog.
_ kato estas blu_.	Her cat is blue.	Zi urbu _ _ patr_ estas dezgrand_.	The city of my father is small.
_ estas ti_ forketu?	Whose is this fork?	Cu vi savis, ke _ domu estis somwen zi domu _ _ onkl_?	Did you know that their house was in the past the house of our uncle?
Zi fiyo _ _ veina estas amiko _ _ fiya.	The son of his neighbor is a friend of her daughter.	Mi lernis facili zi langum _ _ amiko.	I have learned the language of my friend easily.
Mi trovis _ monium.	I have found the purse of somebody.	_ dogo estas tre amike.	Their dog is very friendly.

 

Put the words : apen, ja, jus, lesti, naw, plu, presk, stil, tre, tro, tuy, ya and yen

Ili diris _ kelke wordum.	He has said still some words.	Mi _ diris al eli, ke mi _ ne povas venare.	I have already told her that I can not come now.
Lu ne vulas _ lernare  tiwam.	They do not want to learn that anymore.	Eli _ konexas lim.	She hardly knows him.
Lu _ parolis pri  tiwa.	They have just talked about it.	Ili _ venos.	He is going to come immediately.
Cu vi _ provis farare  tiwam?	Have you at least tried to do it?	Eli _ olwen estis kun ili.	She was nearly all the time with him.
Zi doru estis _ base.	The door was too low.	_ estas vie pomu.	This is your apple.
Vi _ savas, ke ili ne estas  tiwer !	You know indeed that he is not there !	Nue paroladu estis _ longe.	Our speech was very long.

 

The words of every day

• a direction = orientadu
• on the left = dezdreti
• on the right = dreti
• to the left = dezdretim
• to the right = dretim
• straight ahead = rekti
• above = supri
• below = infri
• upwards = suprim
• to the bottom = infrim
• far = fore
• close = dezfore
• long = longe
• short = dezlonge
• map = mapu
• touristic information = turisme oficeyu
• what do you think about that? Nothing! = Wam vi pensas pri  tiwa? Newam!
• It looks beautiful today. = Astag, estas bele tempo.
• What must we do ? = Wam nu devas fares?
• It looks warm, here! = Estas warmi, ci tiwer!
• Oh! yes! = Oh! yes!

What you know

1. Be located in the house
2. Say the hour.
3. Conjugating the verbs with more shades.

To Discover

Urbu i Naturu The Town and The Nature
xoseu track	otu car	restoraciu restaurant	riu river
stritu street	tramu tram	kekeyu cake shop	barku barque, bark
avenuu avenue	busu bus, coach	xopu store	balkonu balcony
bulvardu boulevard	vanegu truck	panxopu bakery	urbudomu town hall
flankvoyu sidewalk	futandantu pedestrian	drinkeyu pub	hotelu hotel
valu valley	rietu stream	cerfu stag	fervoyu railroad
rowru oak	abiu fir	kanu reed	edelveysu edelweiss
montu mountain	monturiu torrent	aglu eagle	tunelu tunnel
maru sea	riegu big river	dolfinu dolphin	trenu train
kamparu countryside	vilatju village	bova cow	stacidomu station
pordu port	xipu ship	velxipu sailing boat	stimxipu steam boat
nubu cloud	flaxu lightning	grondu thunder	flaxgrondu lightning
snowu snow	koldegeyu glacier	aquu water	pluvu rain
herbu grass	fayru fire	tendu tent	xafu sheep

 

THE NUMBERS

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
zeru	unu	du	tri	quar	kint	sis	set	okt	now
10	11	12	20	30	35	700	6000	8 million	9 billion
dis	dis unu	dis du	dudis	tridis	tridis kint	setcent	sismil	okt milionu	now miliardu

 

THE DERIVED NUMBERS

1. Adding an ending, we can make to derive the numbers .
   • Noun: number + U
   • Adjective: number + E
   • Adverb: number + I
2. Adding a suffix, we can make to derive the numbers in:
   • Multiplying: number + UPL
   • Fractional: number + ON
   • Collective: number + OB
3. We put PO before the numbers to mark the distributive numerals.
   • PO OKTI = eight by eight.

 

Recapitulative Board

Number	End	English		Number	Suffix	End	English
unu	+ u =	unity		du	+ upl	+ u =	double
disdu	+ u =	dozen		tri	+ upl	+ e =	treble
dudis	+ u =	twenty		quar	+ upl	+ i =	quadrupling, four times
cent	+ u =	a hundred		du	+ on	+ u =	half
mil	+ u =	a thousand		cent	+ on	+ u =	one hundredth
unu	+ e =	first		zi tri quar	+ on	+ u =	the three-quarter
kint	+ e =	fifth		zi tri quar	+ on	+ uy =	the three-quarters
unu	+ i =	first		du	+ ob	+ u =	duo
tri	+ i =	third		quar	+ ob	+ i =	at four, by four

 

• Attention make the difference between:
  • Zi kinte kido manjis zi kintonu de zi keku
  • The fifth boy (5th, row) has eaten the fifth of the cake (1/5, portion).

THE OPERATIONS

Operation	luKleo	English
1 + 2 = 3	unu plus du estas tri	one more two equal three
9 - 4 = 5	now minus quar estas kint	nine minus four equal five
3 x 2 = 6	tri per du estas sis	three times two equal six
12 : 3 = 4	disdu dividiti per tri estas quar	twelve divided by three equal four

 

The Conjunctions and small words

Coordination		Subordination
DONC	therefore	TIWI KE	so much so that, if although
TIWI	thus, so, such	I	and
IF	if	QUAK	although
QUAZI	as though, as if, in a way	KE	that
KOZ	because	NI ... NI	nor ... neither
U	or	MA	but
CU...CU		WEL	now, well then
WEN	when	WEN	as

 

The Small words
AMBI	both	APEN	hardly	ASTAG	today	ATLIST	at least
DANK'AL	thanks to	DE POS	since	DES	so much	DIZDE	out of
EVER	ever	FOR	away	FI	shame	TIWER	there
ISTAG	yesterday	IVEN	even	JA	already	JUS	just, just now
LES	less	LEST	least	MOS	more	MOST	most
MINUS	minus	NAW	now	NE	no, not	ONLI	only
OSI	also	OSTAG	tomorrow	PLU	further, else	PLUS	plus
PRESK	nearly	SELF	self	TRE	very, quite	TRO	too much, too
STIL	still, yet	PRONTI	soon	CI	(denotes proximity)	CU	is it, either, whether
TUY	at once, right now, immediately	ADEU !	farewell !	YA	indeed, certainly	YEN	behold, here is
YEN...YEN	sometimes... sometimes	YES	yes	YET	however	ZAN	than(comparison)

 

Some affixes

• To the previous lesson, we have seen that AD allowed giving a shade in times of the past, which one calls Imperfect.
• The imperfect is a time that expresses an action that persists on the past...

1. -ad-, expresses "an extended action, repeated or usual".
2. -re-, expresses "the flashback, the reiteration or the repetition".
3. -retro-, sign "an action of contrary sense to the normal one".

adi	continually	swimu	the swim	swimadu	swimming	filtradu	filtration
ree	reiterated	rei	again	saltare	to jump	resaltare	to bounce
resendare	send back, return	relektare	to reread	reformare	to reform	rebildare	to reconstruct
retroi	backwards	retroigare	to making regress	paxare	to walk	retropaxare	to move back

 

Exercises

Fill !

tricent dis now	_______________________	sisdis set	_______________________
kintcent quardis sis	_______________________	nowcent tri	_______________________
setdis du	_______________________	mil cent unu	_______________________
mil quarcent nowdis sis	_______________________	_______________________	872
_______________________	27	_______________________	1789
_______________________	20	_______________________	12
_______________________	270	_______________________	766
_______________________	2007	_______________________	212

 

Put the words: apen, for, istag, iven, ja, onli, ostag, presk, pronti, stil, tre

_ _ mi estos _ de mie heymu.	Very soon I will be far from home.	_ mi _ ne savis pri tiwa.	Yesterday I did even not know of that.
Eli povos vizitare mim _ _.	She will be able to visit to me only tomorrow.	Ili _ ne savas tiwam.	He does not know still that.
Nu _ povis komprenare ilim.	We have hardly been able to understand him.	Lu _ _ atingis tiwam.	They have already nearly reached that.

 

The words of every day

Continuation...

• places = lokuy
• The Post = zi Postu
• a museum = muzeu
• a bank = banku
• a post of police, police force = policeyu
• an hospital = hospitalu
• a drugstore = apoteku
• a store = xopu
• a restaurant = restoraciu
• a school = lerneyu
• a church = pregeyu
• street = stritu
• a square = placu
• a mountain = montu
• a hill, a mound = montetu
• valley = valu
• ocean = maregu
• lake = lagu
• river = riu
• fiver = riegu
• a tower = turu
• a bridge = pontu
• a swimming-pool = swimeyu
• All is fine. = Tutu estas en ordu.
• I congratulate you. = Mi gratulas vim.
• Enjoy your meal! = Bone apetitom! Bon'apetit'!

What you know

1. Being situated in the city or the outsides.
2. All the numbers.
3. Counting and making operations.
4. All the conjunctions and small very useful words.

To Discover

Uluy = Tools
Root	Suffix	English	Root	Suffix	English	Root	Suffix	English
swip	+ are =	to sweep	kork	+ u =	cork	raz	+ are =	to shave
	+ ulu =	broom		+ ulu =	pull cork		+ ulu =	razor
Kontinentuy = Continents
Europe	+ u =	Europe	Amerik	+ u =	America	Afrik	+ u =	Africa
	+ anu =	European		+ anu =	American		+ anu =	African
	+ ano =	European (m)		+ ano =	American (m)		+ ano =	African (m)
	+ ana =	European (f)		+ ana =	American (f)		+ ana =	African (f)
	+ ane =	european		+ ane =	american		+ ane =	african
	+ e =	of Europe		+ e =	of America		+ e =	of Africa
Landuy = Countries
Franc	+ u =	France	Engl	+ u =	England	Djerman	+ u =	Germany
	+ anu =	French		+ anu =	English		+ anu =	German
	+ ano =	French (m)		+ ano =	English (m)		+ ano =	German (m)
	+ ana =	French (f)		+ ana =	English (f)		+ ana =	German (f)
	+ ane =	french		+ ane =	english		+ ane =	german
	+ e =	of France		+ e =	of England		+ e =	of Germany
Urbuy = Cities
London	+ u =	London	Rom	+ u =	Roma	Barcelon	+ u =	Barcelona
	+ anu =	Londoner		+ anu =	of Roma		+ anu =	of Barcelona
	+ ano =	Londoner (m)		+ ano =	of Roma (m)		+ ano =	of Barcelona (m)
	+ ana =	Londoner (f)		+ ana =	of Roma (f)		+ ana =	of Barcelona (f)
	+ ane =	londoner		+ ane =	of roma		+ ane =	of barcelona
	+ e =	of London		+ e =	of Roma		+ e =	of Barcelona

 

Some Words

Prepositions Recapitulative Board

Preposition	Translation	Example
al	at, to	Mi andas al ti. = I go to you.
antaw	before	Mi estas antaw eli. = I am before her.
apud	next to, beside	Mi staras apud ili. = I stand close to him.
da	of	Nu avis multi da gestu. = We get many guests.
de	of, from, by, since	Mi venas de zi domu de Joana. = I come of the Jane's house.
dum	whereas, while	Nu dormis dum tri tagu. = We have slept during three days.
ekster	outside of, outside	Zi dogoy kuxas ekster zi domu. = The dogs are laid down outside the house.
en	in, within, inside	Mie frata kukas en zi domu. = My sister cooks in the house.
insted	instead of	Eli parolas insted ili. = She speaks instead of him.
inter	between, among	Zi kato falis inter zi domuy. = The cat has fallen between the houses.
kontraw	opposite, against	Mi kantas kontraw tie vulu. = I sing against your will.
krom	except, apart from, besides	Olwuy krom mi forandis. = Everyone, except me, have left.
kun	with	Zi kiduy paxas kun eli. = The kids walk with her.
law	along, according to	Mi pasejas law zi voyu. = I go for a walk along the way.
of	from, out of	Mi jetas stonum of zi domu. = I throw a stone out of the house.
per	with, by means of	Mi viatjas per trenu. = I travel by train. Zi fotuy farite per Joano avas sucesum. = The photos of (made by) John have success.
po	at the rate of	Po du euru por personu. = At the Rate of two euros per person.
por	for, per, to, in order to	Por mi sanu, mi enandas por manjare. = For my health, I come back to eat.
pos	behind, after	Homoy manjos pos kiduy. = Men will eat after kids.
preter	straight past, beyond	Mi kuras preter ti. = I run beyond you.
pri	about, concerning	Vidanti zi fotuy pri nue feriuy, mi pensas pri vi. = Seeing the photos of our vacations, I think about you.
pro	through, on account of	Mi enandas pro zi pluvu. = I come back because of the rain.
cirkaw	round, towards, around	Zi kiduy saltas cirkaw vi. = The children jump around you.
sen	without	Zi trenu forandas sen vu. = The train leave without you.
spite	despite, in spite of	Mi dansas spite zi pluvu. = I dance in spite of the rain.
sub	below, under	Mi dormas sub zi arbu. = I sleep under the tree.
super	over, above	Zi sunu estas super zi nubuy. = The sun is above the clouds.
sur	on, upon	Eli sidas sur zi tavolu. = She sits down on the table.
til	till, until	Mi reptas til zi arbaru. = I creep till the woods.
trus	through	Mi dansas trus zi litrumu. = I dance through the bedroom.
tras	on the other side of, across	Lu paxas tras zi stritu. = They walk across of the street.
xe	at, beside, with	Mi sidas xe komputulu. = I am sat at the computer (close at hand).
ye	upon, at, by, on, in, ...	Ili kredas ye Divu. = he believes in God.

 

Exercises

Place the words: al, dum, en, kun, of, por, sen, xe

Mi andas _ ti.	I go to you.	Mi andas _ tie domu.	I go for a walk in your house.
Mi sidas _ zi komputulu.	I am sat at the computer.	Mi andos _ ti.	I will go with you.
Mi enandis _ manjare.	I have gone to eat.	Mi forandis _ tri minutu.	have left for three minutes.
Mi andas _ ti.	I go without you.	Mi andas _ zi domu.	I go out of the house.

 

Place the words: da, de, ekster, kontraw, per, pro, preter, pri, xe, tras, trus, ye

Mi pensos _ ti.	I will think about you.	Istag _ mi estis multi _ homu.	Yesterday at home there were many people.
Ili _ sie otu veikis _ mi.	With his car he has gone by in front of me.	Tiwu estas _ zi domu.	It is outside the house.
_ ili, eli perdis sie workum.	Because of him, she has lost her work.	Nu parolis _ Fremdu.	We have talked about Fremdo.
Lue domuy staras unu _ zi alie.	Their houses are held the one against the other one.	Nu veikis _ zi pontum.	We have gone across from the bridge by car.
Mi watxas _ zi windu.	I look by the window.	Ili forandis _ mi _ zi trie.	He has left from at my place at 3 hours.

 

Place the words: antaw, apud, insted, inter, pos, pro, rund, super, sur

Mi ne avas taymum _ tiwa.	I do not have time as that.	_ workare eli dormas.	Instead of working she sleeps.
_ zi tavolu staras fotu i _ li kuxas pomu.	On the table, there is a photo and close to it there is an apple.	_ zi domu staras arbu.	In front of the house a tree rises up.
Ili sidas _ mi i eli.	He is sat between me and her.	Mi vidas newam _ mi.	I have not seen anything around me.
_ zi riu estis fogu.	Above the river it was the fog.	Zi dogo estas _ zi kato	The dog is behind the cat.

 

The words of every day

Continuation...

• day = tagu
• night = noktu
• week = wiku
• month = mensu
• year = yaru
• Monday = luntagu
• Tuesday = martagu
• Wednesday = mertagu
• Thursday = jovtagu
• Friday = ventagu
• Saturday = sabtagu
• Sunday = suntagu
• January = jeneru
• February = febreru
• March = martu
• April = aprilu
• May = mayu
• June = junyu
• July = juliu
• August = agostu
• September = setembru
• October = oktobru
• November = nowembru
• December = disembru
• spring = springu
• summer = estivu
• autumn = otonu
• winter = wintru
• birthday = naskijtagu
• happy birthday ! felitxe naskijtagum!= felitx' naskijtag'!
• today = astag
• yesterday = istag
• tomorrow = ostag
• I do not remember her address, I will like to write to her. = Mi ne memoras elie adresum, mi amus korespondare kun eli.
• I greet you from the heart. = Mi salutas vim tutkori.
• I do not know if it is going to rain! = Mi ne savas, cu pluvos!

What you know

1. Naming the cities and their inhabitants, the countries and their citizens as the continents.
2. All the prepositions.

To Discover

COLORS

in English	white	blue	maron	yellow	gray	black	purple	orange	red	pink	green	violet
example
fremdi	blanke	blue	brune	yelowe	grize	negre	purpure	oranje	rede	pinke	verde	viole

 

The Professions, The Followers, etc...
Professional	Follower, Passionate	Amateur, Occasional	Manager, Commanding	Member, Adherent	Collection, group	Element, particle
ISTU	ISTU	ANTU	ESTRU	ANU	ARU	ERU
ciklu			urbu	vilatju	homu	panu
bike, bicycle			city, town	village	human being	bread
kurciklistu	ciklistu	ciklantu	urbestru	vilatjanu	homaru	paneru
cyclist pro	cyclist amateur	cyclist occasional	mayor	villager	humanity	crumb

 

The COMPARATIVE and the SUPERLATIVE

1. The comparatives of equality  :
   • Way, manner : Tiwi ... wi ... (As ... as ...)
     • Tiwi bele wi eli. As beautiful as her.
   • Quantity : Tiwon ... won ... (As much ... as ...)
     • Estas tiwon da dogoy won da katoy. There are as many dogs as cats.
2. The comparatives MOS and LES :
   • Mos bele = more beautiful. Eli estas mos bele zan mi. She is more beautiful than I am.
3. Les alte = less tall. Ili estas les alte zan mi. He is less tall than I am.
4. The superlatives MOST and LEST :
   • Zi lest alte = The lest tall. Joano estas zi lest alte de zi lerneyo. John is the lest tall of the school.
   • Zi most bele = The most beautiful. Joana estas zi most bele de zi lerneyo. Jane est is the most beautiful of the school.

The Other Tenses of the Conjugation

The Active Participles
Present	ANT	lektante	who reads, reading	lektanti	reading
Past	INT	lektinte	who has read, having read	lektinti	having read
Future	ONT	lektonte	who will read, after having read	lektonti	after having read
The Passive Participles
Present	AT	lektate	who is read, being read	lektati	who is read, being read
Past	IT	lektite	who has been read, having been read	lektiti	having been read
Future	OT	lektote	who will be read, after having been read	lektoti	after having been read

 

The composed tenses form with the auxillar estare + the participle.

Active Form						Passive Form
mi	estas	lektante		I am reading		li	estas	lektate		it is read
mi	estis	lektante		I was reading		li	estis	lektate		it were read
mi	estos	lektante		I will be reading		li	estos	lektate		it will be read
mi	estus	lektante		I would be reading		li	estus	lektate		it would be read
mi	estas	andinte		I have gone		li	estas	manjite		it has been eaten
mi	estis	andinte		I had gone		li	estis	manjite		it had been eaten
mi	estos	andinte		I will have gone		li	estos	manjite		it will have been eaten
mi	estus	andinte		I would have gone		li	estus	manjite		it would have been eaten
mi	estas	faronte		I am to making about		lu	estas	farote		they are to being made about
mi	estis	faronte		I was to making about		lu	estis	farote		they were to being made about
mi	estos	faronte		I will be to making about		lu	estos	farote		they will be to being made about
mi	estus	faronte		I would be to making about		lu	estus	farote		they would be to being made about

 

The Passive Voice

The passive voice

Zi pomu estas manjate per Joano.	The apple is eaten by John.
Eli estas lovite per ili.	She is has loved by him.
Zi Amerika estis ekvidite per Kristofo Colomo en 1492.	America has been discovered by Christopher Colombus in 1492.

 

Some affixes

1. -ism-, gives the sense of "doctrine, system" to the root.
2. -ist-, gives the sense of "partisan, professional" to the root.
3. -iz-, gives the sense of "decorating of, in accordance with the method of" in relation to the root.
4. -um-, joker suffix! (when it does not correspond no other suffix)
5. fi-, expresses the "physical or moral disgust".

 

spiritismu	spiritualism	englismu	anglicism	butonare	to button	butonizare	decorating with buttons
naylare	to nail down	naylizare	to stud	Pastoro	Pasteur	pastorizare	to pasteurize
endas	it is needed	pagende	to pay	farare	to make, to do	farende	to fulfill
umu	whatchamacallit, thingamajig	ume	vague, imprecise	koldu	the cold	koldumare	to catch a cold
fi!	shame!	fie	nasty	drinkeyu	bar, pub	fidrinkeyu	a slum

 

Exercises

Put the words: les, lest, mos, most, zan

Mi vidis _ grande dogo.	I have seen a dog bigger.	Zi _ grande dogo.	The less great dog.
Eli amas zi _ grande dogo.	She likes the greatest dog.	Kato estas _ grande.	A cat is less big.
Zi dogo estas _ grande _ zi kato.	The dog is bigger than the cat is.	Nu devas andare _ spidi.	We must go in a faster way.
Mi amas _ tiwu bukum _ tiwum.	I prefer this book to that.	Tiwa okazas _ ofti nawtaymi.	This happens less often now.
Zi _ bele homa estas _ bele _ ti.	The most beautiful woman is less beautiful than you.	Ti certi estas _ lerte _ ili.	You are probably more skillful than he is.
_ grave estas, ke vi memores tiwam.	The most important is that you remembered that.	Zi _ grande insektu estas nevidable.	The smallest insect is invisible.
Ili komprenas _ boni tiwam _ ilie frato.	He understands better that than his brother does.	Of olwuy frutu mi amas _ bananuym.	From all the fruits, I like the more the bananas.
Ili estas zi _ alte sur zi fotu.	He is the tallest on the photo.	Fremdu estas _ facile de languym.	The Fremdo is the easiest of the languages.

 

Put the words: ant, at, int, it, ont, ot.

Zi prelekt_o prelektas longi.	The speaker makes his conference during long.	Prelekt_i eli enspezas monum.	All making her conference she earns money.
Zi doru estas kloz_e.	The door is closed.	Open_i zi dorum, ili enandis.	After having opened the door, he went.
Zi buku estis vend_e.	The book was sold.	Dum zi ven_e yaru...	The next year...
Tiwa estas aferu decid_e.	This is a thing to decide.	Olwu lov_o vulas estare lov_e.	Every lover wants to be loved.
Lu ne estas mie konex_uy.	They are not acquaintances of mine.	Zi montoy estas kovr_e de snowo.	The mountains are covered with snow.
Manj_i ili lektis zi jurnalum.	He read the newspaper eating.	Ili venis al mi tuti neweyt_i.	He has come to my place in an entirely unexpected way.
Far_i sie taskum, ili ekdormis.	After having fulfilled his task, he has gone to sleep.	Sur zi tavolu kuxis multi da lekt_e buku.	On the table were put of numerous books remaining to read.
Ofand_i ili prenis sie maletum.	On the point of going out he has taken his suitcase.	Tiwu loku estas ja okup_e.	This place is already busy.
Kapt_i, ili forkuris.	On the point of being caught, he has escaped.	Cu vi estos mie langajud_o?	Will you be my linguistic assistant?
En tiwu salonu estis multe homu dans_e.	In this lounge there were many people who danced.	Ili estas ja oblid_e.	He is already forgotten.
Cu ili estas vie lov_o?	Is it him that you love?	Drunk_i birum ili ekvulis dansare.	Having drunk some the beer, he has had desire of dancing.

 

The words of every day

• Better is worth late than never! = Mos boni dezfrui zan newen!
• I thank you for your letter. = Mi dankas vim pro vie leteru.
• Immediately says, immediately made. = Jus dirite, tuy farite.
• Country whose hosts we are. Landu wuz gestuy nu estas.

What you know

1. Recognizing the professionals of the amateurs.
2. Comparing the different qualities.
3. Every tenses of conjugation.
4. The passive voice.

• Bravo, you know everything about Fremdu.