Concise Grammar

Un article de Lukleo.

1. LUKLEO
2. Concise Grammar
3. Detailed Grammar
4. Lessons and Exercises

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The LUKLEO is also called FREMDO (foreigner)

Sommaire 1 THE ALPHABET 2 THE LETTERS 3 THE NOUN 3.1 THE GENDER AND THE NUMBER 3.2 THE ACCUSATIVE 4 THE ARTICLE 5 THE ADJECTIVE 5.1 THE COMPARATIVE and THE SUPERLATIVE 6 THE ADVERB (derived) 7 THE POSSESSION 8 THE PRONOUNS 9 THE VERBS 10 THE NUMBERS 10.1 THE DERIVED NUMBERS 11 THE CORRELATIVES 11.1 THE PREPOSITIONS 11.2 THE CONJUNCTIONS 12 FORMATION OF THE WORDS 12.1 THE ENDING 12.2 THE COMPOSED WORDS 12.3 IT'S AN AGGLUTINATING LANGUAGE 13 THE SYNTAX 14 THE FREMDO'S PHILOSOPHY

THE ALPHABET

1. There are 25 letters in the alphabet of which the majority are pronounced itself as in English.
   • 5 vowels : A E I O U
   • 17 consonants : B C D F G H J K L M N P R S T V X Z
   • 2 half-consonants : W Y
     • W and Y combined with other vowels form diphthongs.
       • way: pronounce as in English: Why
       • uai, three vowels therefore three sounds, pronounce distinctly "ooaee" (noticed: this means nothing in FREMDO)
2. A syllable is marked by a vowel.
   • The tonic accent falls always on the penultimate one vowel (underlined in the picture below).
3. The FREMDO is completely phonetic and 'spelling', that is to say you write it as you hear it.
   • Each sound corresponds to one letter and each letter corresponds to one sound.

THE LETTERS

Letter	Name	Sound clarification	Examples
A	a	like a in father	amare	to like, to appreciate
B	bo	like english b (boy)	bele	beautiful
C	co	like english ts (tsunami)	facile	easy
D	do	like english d (down)	domo	house
E	e	like e in pet	able	possible
F	fo	like english f (fat)	fremde	foreigner
G	go	like g in girl	ganto	glove
H	ho	like english h home sweet home	heymo	home
I	i	like i in sit	maxino	machine
J	jo	like s in pleasure	jurnalo	newspaper
K	ko	like english k (cake)	kare	expensive, dear
L	lo	like english l (love)	lovare	to love
M	mo	like english m (mother)	mano	hand
N	no	like english n (now)	nove	new
O	o	like o in november	wordo	word
P	po	like english p (pot)	patro	parent
R	ro	trilled like spanish r (bravo)	rike	rich
S	so	like english s (see)	suno	sun
T	to	like english t (tea)	temo	theme
U	u	like oo in moon	urbo	city
V	vo	like english v (very)	venare	to come
W	wo	like english w (with)	warme	warm
X	xo	like english sh (sh e)	xuo	shoe
Y	yo	like y in young	yes	yes
Z	zo	like english z (zebra)	zono	zone

1. There is not Q letter.
2. The sound of the letter C is replaced by the sound K or by the sound S according to the case.
   • The letter C has the sound TS that does not exist in English, but one finds it in the word TSunami.

　

THE NOUN

THE GENDER AND THE NUMBER

1. The plural is marked on the name, as in english.
2. The ending -O brand the neutral to the singular: kido = child, dogo = dog.
   1. The ending -U marks the male name to the singular: kidu = boy, dogu = dog (male).
   2. For the adjectives and the adverbs we use the suffix -IL- to mark the male one :
      1. patru = father ; patrile = paternal ; patrili = paternally.
   3. The ending -A marks the feminine name to the singular: kida = girl, doga = dog (female).
   4. For the adjectives and the adverbs we use the suffix -EL- to mark the feminine one :
      1. patra = mother ; patrele = maternal ; patreli = maternally.
3. The ending -Y marks the name to the plural: kiduy = boys, dogoy = dogs.
   • The half-consonant Y marks the plural, you have noticed that the tonic accent does not change place!

A name can have several functions:

1. Subject of the verb:
   • Joanu lektas. John reads.
2. Supplement of the verb to be:
   • Joanu estas titxoro. John is a teacher.
3. The object of a preposition:
   • Mi diris al Joanu. I have told to John.
4. The object of the verb: (accusative)
   • Mi vidis Joanun. I have seen John.
   • or, Mi vidis Joanu. (to see the paragraph on the accusative, below)

THE ACCUSATIVE

1. The accusative has as ending -n, it|he puts after the y of the plural if there is one.
   • Zi kidu vidis zi dogon. The boy has seen the dog.
   • Zi kiduy vidis zi dogoyn. The boys has seen the dogs.
2. The accusative is very used in Esperanto and in Ido, not at all used in Mondlango and in Occidental. In FREMDO, and in the event of possible confusion, it is used to underline the Direct Object.
   • Mi vidis Joanun. I have seen John. (John is the Direct Object of the sentence) = Mi vidis Joanu (when there is not confusion).
3. To indicate a movement :
   • Zi kato saltas sur zi tawlo. The cat jumps on the table. (The cat is already on the table and it|he jumps).
   • Zi kato saltas sur zi tawlon. The cat jumps onto the table. (The cat is on the chair and jumps to and on the table).
4. To indicate a direction :
   • Wer ? Where ?
   • Wern ? To where ?
5. To replace a preposition :
   • Joanu andas al Londonio = Joanu andas Londonion. John goes to London.

THE ARTICLE

1. There is only one article in FREMDO: the zi definite article.
   • It's invariable in gender and in number, its use is therefore similar to the article "the".
     • Joanu donas zi buko al mi. John gives me the book.
     • Joanu donas zi bukoy al mi. John gives me the books.
2. There is not undefined article in FREMDO.
   • If one wants to stress a unity one uses the unu numeral.
     • Joanu donas buko al mi. John gives me a book.
     • Joanu donas unu buko al mi. John gives to me a (alone) book.
     • Joanu donas bukoy al mi. John gives me books.

THE ADJECTIVE

1. The adjectives have always as ending : -E
   • They are invariable.
   • They are after the name that they qualify (or before ,it is not a mistake).
     • Zi dogo nere. The black dog.
     • Zi dogoy nere. The black dogs.
     • Zi homuy alte. The tall men.
     • Zi alte homuy. The tall men.

THE COMPARATIVE and THE SUPERLATIVE

1. The comparatives MOS and LES precede the adjectives.
   • Mos bele. more beautiful. Eli estas mos bele zan mi. She is more beautiful than I am.
2. Les alte. less tall. Ili estas les alte zan mi. He is less tall than I am.
3. The superlatives MOST and LEAST precede the adjectives.
   • Zi lest alte. the least tall. Joanu estas zi lest alte de zi lerneyo. John is the least tall of the school.
   • Zi most bele. The most beautiful. Joana estas zi most bele de zi lerneyo. Jane is the most beautiful of the school.
4. The comparatives of equality :
   • Way : Tii ... wi ... (As ... as ...)
     • Tii bele wi eli. As beautiful as her.
   • Quantity : Tiom ... wom ... (As many ... as ...)
     • Estas tiom da dogoy wom da katoy. There are as many dogs as cats.

THE ADVERB (derived)

1. The adverbs have always as ending : -I
2. The adverbs modify the verb, the adjective and the adverb.
3. * They put in the face of the word that they modify.
   • Joanu estas spide. John is fast.
   • Joanu spidi kuras. John runs in a fast way.
4. Most of the adverbs are derived of the adjectives modifying the ending -E in -I.
   • spido (speed), spide (fast), spidi (in a fast way)
   • patra (mother), patrele (maternal), patreli (maternally).
   • patru (father), patrile (paternal), patrili (paternally).
5. The adverbs reply to the question ; Wi ? How ?
   • - Wi vi fartas ? How do you do ?
   • - Boni, dankon ! Fine, thank-you !

THE POSSESSION

1. To express the possession we use the word de.
   • Zi dogo de zi kidu. The dog of the boy.
   • Zi kida de zi lerneyo. The girl of the school.
2. But we will say:
   1. Zi foto de Leo. The photo (of the tower Eiffel) that belongs to Leo.
   2. Zi foto por Leo. The photo (dedicated) made for Leo.
   3. Zi foto pri Leo. The photo (when he had 15 years) that Leo is.
   4. Zi foto farite per Leo. The photo of Leo.
   • Zi foto de Leo, por Leo, pri Leo kay per Leo (Leo possesses his own self-portrayed)

THE PRONOUNS

1. To create a possessive adjective, we add an E at the end of a personal pronoun.
2. To create a well-considered pronoun, we add SELF at the end of a personal pronoun.
3. The most used pronouns are : mi, vi, eli, ili, li, nu, vu and lu

Personal Pronouns		Possessive Pronouns		Reflexive Pronouns
MI	me	MIE	my, mine, mines	MISELF	myself
CI	you	CIE	your, yours	CISELF	yourself
VI	you (singular)	VIE	your, yours	VISELF	yourself
ELI	she	ELIE	her	ELISELF	herself
ILI	he	ILIE	him	ILISELF	himself
LI	it	LIE	its	LISELF	itself
SI	himself, herself, itself, themselves	SIE	his, her, its, their own	SISELF	himself, herself, itself, themselves
ONI	one	ONIE	one's
NU	we	NUE	our, ours	NUSELF	ourselves
VU	you (plural)	VUE	your, yours	VUSELF	yourselves
ELU	they, them (female)	ELUE	their, theirs	ELUSELF	themselves
ILU	they, them (male)	ILUE	their, theirs	ILUSELF	themselves
LU	they, them (neutral)	LUE	their, theirs	LUSELF	themselves

THE VERBS

1. You master the personal pronouns! To conjugate the verbs will take you only some seconds !
2. Six endings to memory:
   1. The infinitive : -ARE.
   2. The present : -AS
   3. The past : -IS
   4. The future : -OS
   5. The conditional : -US
   6. The volitional
      1. The imperative : -ES
      2. The subjunctive : -ES
3. The complex verbs with povare, devare and volare :
   1. Joanu volas venare. John wants to come.
   2. Mi ne devis manjare. I did not have to eat.
   3. Ilu povos workare. They will be able to work.

Form		Radical	Ending	Example
basic form	infinitive	est	+ are =	estare	to be
indicative	present	est	+ as =	estas	am, are,is
indicative	past	est	+ is =	estis	was, were
indicative	future	est	+ os =	estos	will be
conditional	present	est	+ us =	estus	would be
volitional	imperative	est	+ es =	estes	be!
volitional	subjunctive	est	+ es =	estes	be

Examples

Ili volas manjare.	He wants to eat.
Joanu manjas zi pomon.	John eats the apple.
Mi skribis leteron.	I have written a letter.
Eli ridos.	she will laugh.
In the conditional, the first and the second verb have the same ending in us.
If vu estus tier, vu vidus zi katon.	If you were there, you would have seen the cat.
andes!	Go!
Lu volas, ke vi venes.	They want you to come.

THE NUMBERS

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
nulo	unu	du	tri	kwar	kint	sis	set	okt	now
10	11	12	20	30	35	700	6000	8 million	9 billion
dis	dis unu	dis du	dudis	tridis	tridis kint	setcent	sismil	okt miliono	now miliardo

THE DERIVED NUMBERS

1. Adding an ending, we can make the numbers differentiate.
   • Noun : number + O
   • Adjective : number + E
   • Adverb : number + I
2. Adding a suffix, we can make to derive the numbers in :
   • Multiplying : number + UPL
   • Fractional : number + ON
   • Collective : number + OB
3. We put PO in front of the numbers to mark the distributive numerals.
   • PO OKTI = (at the rate of) eight by eight.

Recapitulative Picture

Number	End	English		Number	Suffix	End	English
unu	+ o =	unity		du	+ upl	+ o =	twice
disdu	+ o =	dozen		tri	+ upl	+ e =	treble
dudis	+ o =	twenty		kwar	+ upl	+ i =	quadrupling
cent	+ o =	a hundred		du	+ on	+ o =	half
mil	+ o =	a thousand		cent	+ on	+ o =	hundredth
unu	+ e =	first		zi tri kwar	+ on	+ o =	the three-quarter
kint	+ e =	fifth		zi tri kwar	+ on	+ oy =	the three-quarters
unu	+ i =	first		du	+ ob	+ o =	duo
tri	+ i =	third		kwar	+ ob	+ i =	by four

• Attention make the difference between :
  • Zi kinte kidu manjis zi kintono de zi keko
  • The fifth boy (5th, row) has eaten the fifth of the cake (1/5, portion).

THE CORRELATIVES

1. Those are small words, without root, formed of affixes and of suffixes.
2. The correlatives are words formed combining a beginning of word and an ending.
3. There are 5 beginnings and 9 endings that, receivers in several ways, allow forming 45 words.
4. The Correlatives are called thus, because they are connected between them (in a table at two entries).
5. The exact meaning of a correlative is the concept formed by the combination of the meanings of the word of the beginning and of the word of the end. There is not an exact correspondence with the English inevitably always.
   • The correlatives in -U are often used as pronouns.
   • The correlatives in -OM are often follow-ups of the preposition DA.
   • The correlatives in W- serve to form questioning sentences (who ? where? when? how? etc...) and relative propositions.

The Correlatives

First entry				Second entry
W	->	what		one, or person	->	U
SOM	->	some		one's, person's	->	UZ
TI	->	that		thing	->	O
TOT	->	every		quantity (amount)	->	OM
NENI	->	no		manner, in ... way	->	I
				reason, for ... reason	->	AY
				kind of, sort of	->	E
				time	->	AN
				place	->	ER

• The words in W are used to ask questions and are also used as relative pronouns.
  • Wu vi estas ? Who are you ?
  • Tion, won ili diris, estas bone. What he has said is good.
  • Zi kida tiu, wu staras tier. The girl, who is there.
  • Estas grande wi domo. It is big as a house.

Board of the Correlatives

	U	UZ	O	OM	I	AY	E	AN	ER
W	WU	WUZ	WO	WOM	WI	WAY	WE	WAN	WER
SOM	SOMU	SOMUZ	SOMO	SOMOM	SOMI	SOMAY	SOME	SOMAN	SOMER
TI	TIU	TIUZ	TIO	TIOM	TII	TIAY	TIE	TIAN	TIER
TOT	TOTU	TOTUZ	TOTO	TOTOM	TOTI	TOTAY	TOTE	TOTAN	TOTER
NENI	NENIU	NENIUZ	NENIO	NENIOM	NENII	NENIAY	NENIE	NENIAN	NENIER

1. wu and wo are put if necessary to the accusative and become : wun and won.
2. wer is put if necessary to the accusative to indicate the direction and becomes wern.
3. wu, tiu and totu are put if necessary to the plural and become : wuy, tiuy and totuy.
4. There is not problem to remember these for next words, isn't it? : Wu?, Wuz? Way? Wer?
5. A small difficulty for Wan?
6. It will not be hard, to remember these three last words, because:
   1. The wo? waits a reply finishing by o, A thing, as a noun : dogo.
   2. The we? waits a reply finishing by e, A quality, as an adjective : bele.
   3. The wi? waits for a finishing reply by i, A way, as an adverb : spidi.
7. The more complicated if it is, it's: Wom? = How Many ? Wom da...? = How much of...?

Translation of the correlatives

WU	which one, who	SOMU	somebody	TIU	that person	TOTU	each, everyone	NENIU	nobody
WUZ	whose	SOMUZ	someone's	TIUZ	that one's	TOTUZ	everyone's	NENIUZ	no one's
WO	what, what thing	SOMO	something, anything	TIO	that, that thing	TOTO	everything, all things	NENIO	nothing
WOM	how much, how many	SOMOM	some	TIOM	so much, as many	TOTOM	the whole quantity, all of it	NENIOM	not a bit, none
WI	how, in what way	SOMI	somehow, in some way	TII	that way, thus, like that, so	TOTI	in every way	NENII	in no way
WAY	why	SOMAY	for some reason	TIAY	for that reason	TOTAY	for every reason	NENIAY	for no reason
WE	what kind of, what (a)	SOME	some kind of, any kind of	TIE	that kind of, such a	TOTE	every kind of, all kinds of	NENIE	no kind of
WAN	when, at what time	SOMAN	sometime, anytime, ever	TIAN	then, at that time	TOTAN	always, at all times	NENIAN	never, at no time, not ever
WER	where, in what place	SOMER	somewhere, anywhere, in some place	TIER	there, in that place	TOTER	everywhere, in every place	NENIER	nowhere, in no place

THE PREPOSITIONS

The Prepositions
ANTAW	in front, before	POS	behind, after	APUD	nearby	TXE	nearly, by
EN	in	INTER	between, among	RUND	about, round, towards, around	PRETER	beyond
SUR	on, top	SUB	under	SUPRE	above	INFRE	below
SUPRI	at the top of	INFRI	at the bottom of	SUPRIN	upwards of	INFRIN	to the bottom of
AL	at, to	INSTED	instead of	EKSTER	out of (without movement)	OF	out of (with movement)
KUN	with	SEN	without	KROM	except, except for, besides	PO	by, at the rate of
POR	for, of	PRO	because of	PRI	about	PER	by means of
EKDE	since, from	TIL	up to	KONTRAW	against, opposite	FOR	away
LAW	according to, along	SPAYT	in spite of	DE	of	DA	of (partitive)
TRA	through	TRANS	across, beyond	DUM	during, while	YE	upon, at, by, on, preposition "joker"

1. Other uses of DE (origin, membership) :
   1. Joanu venas de zi lerneyo. John comes from the school.
   2. Joanu avis kisoy de eli. John got kisses of her.
   3. Joanu ridas de joyo. John laughs at joy.
   4. De naw, mi lovas vin. From now, I love you.
   5. Goto de biro. Glass of beer.
2. Use of DA :
   1. Du kilogramo da rizo. Two kilo of rice.
   2. Tri litro da lakto. Three liters of milk.
   3. Multe da pomo. Many apples.
   4. Goto da biro. Glass for beer.

THE CONJUNCTIONS

Coordination		Subordination
SED	but	TII	as
KOZ	because	WAN	while
AW	or	KE	that
KAY	and	KWAK	although
DONS	therefore	KWAZI	as though, as if, in a way
NI ... NI	nor... neither	TIE KE	since, as
WEL	well, well then	IF	if
TXU ?	if, is it, either, whether	TXU...TXU	either...or

The Small words
YES	yes	NE	not	YET	yet, however	ZAN	than
MOS	more	MOST	most	LES	less	LEST	least
LESTI	at least	MINUS	moins (math)	PLUS	plus (math)	PLU	more, further, else, on
ONLI	only	PRESK	nearly, almost	TRO	too much	TRE	very
OSI	also	STIL	still	APEN	barely, only just	PRONTI	soon
TXI	here (denotes proximity)	TIER	there	TXI TIER	here	DANK'AL	thanks to
TUY	immediately	JUS	instantly	SELF	self	IVEN	even
YA	indeed, rather	JA	already	YEN	behold, there is	YEN...YEN	now...now
DE POS	since	DES	of as much	DIZDE	separate of	AMBI	both
EVER	-ever, at all, -soever	NAW	now	KELKE	some	TXAW	farewell

FORMATION OF THE WORDS

THE ENDING

• longo (length), longe (long), longi (in a long way), longigare (to lengthen, to make long)...

THE COMPOSED WORDS

• stimxipo (steam boat), ventgrindolo (windmill), sneykdomptoro (snake charmer)

IT'S AN AGGLUTINATING LANGUAGE

• falare (to fall), dizfalare (to collapse), enfalare (to fall in), subfalare (to succumb), falolo (traps), falrulare (to fall)...

THE SYNTAX

1. The affirmative sentence
   • The order of the words in : Subject + Verb + Object.
   1. The active voice : Joanu manjas zi pomon. John eats the apple.
   2. The passive voice : Zi pomo estas manjate per Joanu. The apple is eaten by John.
2. The questioning sentence
   • The questioning sentence is marked by the particle Txu (is it) at the beginning of sentence or a correlative beginning by W-.
   1. Txu Joanu manjas zi pomon ? Does John eat the apple ?
   2. Wu manjas zi pomon? Who eats the apple?
3. The negative sentence
   • The negation is built putting the particle ne before the implied word.
   1. Ne Joanu manjas zi pomon. It is not John that eats the apple.
   2. Joanu ne manjas zi pomon. John does not eat the apple.
   3. Joanu manjas ne zi pomon. John eats, (but) not the apple.
   • The questioning and negative sentence is built using Txu initially and the ne before the implied word.
   1. Txu Joanu ne manjas zi pomon ? Does John not eat the apple ?
   • In FREMDO there is not double negative.

THE FREMDO'S PHILOSOPHY

1. Be simple to read.
2. Be simple to write.
3. Be simple to speak.
4. Be simple to understand.

# Be very precise.

1. Be used in the international places (airports, etc...) in 2nd language or during the short vacations abroad.
2. As far as possible and by respect, the preference always will be given to the language of the country that receives you.

• Now you can surrender to the Lesson 1 >

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