Les Verbes
Un article de Lukleo.
| modes et temps | terminaison | verbe | français |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitif | i | lekti | lire |
| indicatif présent | as | mi lektas | je lis |
| indicatif passé | is | ti lektis | tu as lu |
| indicatif futur | os | Ili lektos | il lira |
| conditionnel | us | nu lektus | nous lirions |
| volutif | u | vu lektu! | lisez! |
- Le subjonctif n'existe pas.
- Le volutif ne s'emploie que pour traduire un ordre, un désir, un souhait ou une nécessité.
- Attention, au conditionnel les deux verbes ont pour terminaison -us
| Eli volas, ke vi lektu! | Elle veut que vous lisiez! |
| If mi esus rika, mi komprus domon | Si j'étais riche, j'achèterais une maison |
| mi jus lektis | je viens de lire |
| mi tuy lektos | je vais lire |
| Actif | Passif | |
|---|---|---|
| Présent | ant | at |
| Passé | int | it |
| Futur | ont | ot |
| lektanta | qui lit, lisant | lektante | en lisant |
| lektinta | qui a lu, ayant lu | lektinte | en ayant lu |
| lektonta | qui lira, devant lire | lektonte | après avoir lu |
| lektata | qui est lu, ayant lu | lektate | en ayant lu |
| lektita | qui a été lu, ayant été lu | lektite | en ayant été lu |
| lektota | qui sera lu, devant être lu | lektote | après avoir été lu |
Les temps composés se forment avec l'auxiliaire esi (être) plus le participe.
| mi | esas | lektanta | je suis en train de lire |
| mi | esis | lektanta | j'étais en train de lire |
| mi | esos | lektanta | je serai en train de lire |
| mi | esus | lektanta | je serais en train de lire |
| mi | esas | irinta | je suis allé |
| mi | esis | irinta | je était allé |
| mi | esos | irinta | je serai allé |
| mi | esus | irinta | je serais allé |
| mi | esas | faronta | je suis sur le point de faire |
| mi | esis | faronta | j'étais sur le point de faire |
| mi | esos | faronta | je serai sur le point de faire |
| mi | esus | faranta | je serais sur le point de faire |
| li | esas | lektata | il est lu |
| li | esis | lektata | il étais lu |
| li | esos | lektata | il sera lu |
| li | esus | lektata | il serait lu |
| mi | esas | manjita | j'ai été mangé |
| mi | esis | manjita | j'avais été mangé |
| mi | esos | manjita | j'aurai été mangé |
| mi | esus | manjita | j'aurais été mangé |
| lu | esas | farota | ils sont sur le point d'être fait |
| lu | esis | farota | ils étaient sur le point d'être fait |
| lu | esos | farota | ils seront sur le point d'être fait |
| lu | esus | farata | ils seraient sur le point d'être fait |
- La voix passive n'est que la combinaison du verbe esi (être) et du participe présent ou passé du verbe passif donné.
- Le "de" ou le "par" du complément indirect sont traduits par DE.
| Eli esas amata de ilu | elle est aimée de lui (participe présent : la chose se fait) |
| La doro esas fermita de mia fratilo | la porte est fermée par mon frère (par.passé : la chose est faite) |
Grammar: Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, Personal and Posessive Pronouns, Verbs - Present Tense, Objects
Since Esperanto is a very regular language, all its rules can be applied universally without exceptions. This means Esperanto grammar concepts are much easier to understand than those of natural languages. In this first lesson, we shall examine how to form nouns, adjectives, and the present tense.
[edit] Nouns In any language, nouns are words that designate a person, place, thing, idea, or quality. Some examples of nouns in English are: "human", "house", "friends", "cake", "John", "France", and "gardens".
In Esperanto, all nouns end in -o. The part of the word that goes before the -o is known as the root. For example, in the word urbo (city), urb- is the root and the -o makes it a noun.
To make a noun plural, add a -j to the end, for example urboj (cities).
Some examples of nouns in Esperanto: homo (human), domo (house), amikoj (friends), kuko (cake), Johano (John), Francio (France) and ĝardenoj (gardens).
To say a or an, as in "a town", just say the noun on its own, e.g. urbo (town, a town). There is no indefinite article ("a" or "an") in Esperanto.
The word for the is la, e.g. la urbo (the city). La never changes for singular or plural.
[edit] Adjectives Adjectives are words that describe a noun. Some English examples are: "happy", "tired", "beautiful", "young" and "fresh".
To change an Esperanto noun into its corresponding adjective, replace the -o with an -a. For example, urbo (town) gives rise to urba (urban, "relating to a town").
Some examples of adjectives in Esperanto: gaja (happy), laca (tired), bela (beautiful), juna (young) and freŝa (fresh).
In Esperanto, an adjective must "agree in number" with the noun it describes. This means that if the noun is singular, the adjective must also be. If the noun is plural, the adjective must also be, too. Some examples: la freŝa kuko (the fresh cake), la freŝaj kukoj (the fresh cakes); gaja homo (a happy person), gajaj homoj (happy people).
The prefix mal- changes an Esperanto word into its opposite meaning - a feature that greatly reduces the vocabulary. Here are some examples of mal- words in Esperanto: malgaja (unhappy), mallaca (alert, not tired), malbela (ugly), maljuna (old) and malfreŝa (stale).
[edit] Adverbs Adverbs are words that describe an noun, and adjective, or another adverb. They indicate manner, place, time or quantity. Some English examples are: "quickly", "orally", "at home", and "in writing".
To change an Esperanto word into an adverb, replace the usual ending (-a for adjectives, -o for nouns, and -i for verbs) with -e. The meaning of the base word determines whether it becomes a manner, place, time or quantity adverb.
Some examples of adverbs in Esperanto: rapide (quickly), buŝe (orally), hejme (at home), and skribe (in writing).
Please note that not all adverbs use this rule, but the overwhelming majority of them do.
[edit] Personal Pronouns In Esperanto there are 10 personal pronouns. However, you will initially need to only know 7 of these pronouns.
Esperanto English
mi I OR me
vi you
ŝi she OR her
li he OR him
ĝi it
ni we OR us
ili they OR them
The other pronouns ("oni", "ci", and "si") will be covered later.
[edit] Possessive Pronouns To make a personal pronoun a possessive pronoun, simply add an -a to the end.
Esperanto English
mia my OR mine
via your OR yours
ŝia her OR hers
lia his
ĝia its
nia our OR ours
ilia their OR theirs
[edit]
Verbs - Present Tense
The basic form of a verb is called its infinitive case. In English, this is the part of the verb that has "to" in front of it, as in the sentence "John likes to play football". In Esperanto, the infinitive simply has an -i after the root, e.g. ludo (a game), ludi (to play).
The present tense has three forms in English. For example, one can say either "I kick", "I am kicking" or "I do kick"; "he laughs", "he is laughing", "he does laugh"; "Robert eats the cake", "Robert is eating the cake", "Robert does eat cake". All these forms are represented under one form in Esperanto.
To form the present tense of any Esperanto verb, simply substitute the -i in the root with -as. Some examples: mi legas (I am reading), li ridas (He is laughing), Roberto manĝas la kukon (Robert eats the cake).
You will also note that there is no verb conjugation in Esperanto. For example, in English you would say "Bob eats," "I eat," and "She eats." In Esperanto, you would use the same form of the verb: "Bob manĝas," "Mi manĝas," "Ŝi manĝas."
[edit] Objects and the Accusative Like in English, every complete declarative sentence in Esperanto requires at least two parts: a subject and an verb. In the sentence "I ate," the subject is "I" and the verb is "ate". A subject is a noun which performs in action.However, in the sentence "I ate spaghetti", there is a third word: "spaghetti". The word "spaghetti" in this sentence is what is known as a "direct object". A direct object is a noun which is having an action performed on it. It is being "verbed", so to speak.
Sentence Subject Verb Direct Object I ate spaghetti. I ate spaghetti The cat loves the dog. the cat loves the dog Bob punched John. Bob punched John Jennifer likes ponies. Jennifer likes ponies Frank gave Jane flowers. Frank gave flowers
Take special note of the last sentence. In the first three sentences, the direct object directly followed the verb. However, in the last sentence, the word "Jane" directly follows the verb "gave". So why isn't Jane the direct object of the sentence? Because Jane is not having an action performed on her by the verb of the sentence, "give". Frank is not giving Jane. Frank is giving flowers. Since the flowers are what is being given, the flowers are the direct object.
So what is Jane in this sentence, then? Jane is what is known as an "indirect object". An indirect object is a noun which is neither performing an action nor having an action performed directly upon it.
Sentence Subject Verb Direct Object Indirect Object Frank gave Jane flowers Frank gave flowers Jane Mary wrote Susan a letter. Mary wrote a letter Susan Harry read Dr. Phillips the message. Harry read the message Dr. Phillips The war veteran tells schoolchildren his stories. the war veteran tells his stories schoolchildren The U.S. Constitution grants Americans Freedom of Speech. the U.S. Constitution grants Freedom of Speech Americans
In English, the order of the words in a sentence determine whether a noun is a subject, a direct object, or an indirect object. In English, the order is either "subject, verb, direct object" or "subject, verb, indirect object, direct object". Esperanto, however, is more flexible. In order to make a direct object in Esperanto, one simply adds the letter "n" to the noun (if the noun is plural, the "n" is added after the "j").
Therefore, in Esperanto, subjects, verbs, and direct objects can be put in any order! All of the following sentences, which mean "the apple loves the banana" are grammatically correct in Esperanto.
La pomo amas la bananon. La pomo la bananon amas. Amas la pomo la bananon. Amas la bananon la pomo. La bananon la pomo amas. La bananon amas la pomo. [edit] Conversation - Introducing yourself Two people - Jean and Frank - meet for the first time:
Frank: Saluton! Mia nomo estas Frank. Kaj via? Jean: Saluton! Mi estas Jean. De kie vi venas? Frank: Mi venas de Novjorko, en Usono. Kaj vi? Jean: Mi venas de Parizo, en Francio. [edit] Vocabulary saluton hello, hi mia my, mine nomo name estas am, are, is kaj and via your, yours de from, of kie where venas come, comes en in, at Novjorko New York Usono U.S.A. Parizo Paris Francio France [edit] Translation of Dialogue 1 Two people - Jean and Frank - meet for the first time:
Frank: Hello! My name is Frank. And yours? Jean: Hi! I am Jean. From where do you come? (Where do you come from?) Frank: I come from New York, in the U.S.A. And you? Jean: I come from Paris, in France.
retour à la gramatiko
