Lukleo Lesson 1

Un article de Lukleo.

  1. LUKLEO
  2. Concise Grammar
  3. Detailed Grammar



As the Fremdo is a very regular language, all its rules can be applied universally without exception. This means Fremdo grammar concepts are much easier to understand than those of natural languages.


Sommaire

[modifier]

The Alphabet and its Pronunciation


  • The alphabet does not comprise diacritic letters (à,ç,ĉ,é,è,ê,ĝ,ĥ,î,í,ĵ,ŝ,ô,ó,ŭ,ù…). It is adapted to the modern communication, since Internet does not take into account the complex letters.
  • In fremdo the words are phonetic, in other words that they write to themselves as they pronounce and pronounce as they write to themselves.
  • A sound a letter, a letter a sound.
  • Here you are the pronunciation of the letters in fremdo.


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Fremdo a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v w x y z
API a b "ts" d e f g h i ʒ k l m n o p r s t u v w ʃ j z
Cyrillic α б ц д e ф г h и ж к л м н o п р с т у в Ь ш й з
Greek a β "τσ" δ ε φ γ "h" ι η к λ μ ν o п ρ σ τ υ ω w χ j ζ


[modifier]

The Vowels


  • A of cat, E of cake, I of sit, O of november and U of boot.


[modifier]

The Consonants


  • Bo, Do, Fo, Ho, Ko, Lo, Mo, No, Po, To, Vo and Zo pronounced as in English.
    • Co de tsar (never c of concise).
    • Go of get (never tjo of general).
    • Jo of pleasure (never tjo of John).
    • Ro trilled like spanish r
    • So of sauce (never zo of rose).
    • Xo of shoe (never kzo ou kso of examination).


[modifier]

The Semiconsonants


  • Yo and Wo are pronounced as in English :
    • Yes and West


[modifier]

The Tonic Accent


  • For the polysyllabic words, the tonic accent is always put before the last vowel of the word. (underlined in the two first lessons).
    • Examples : manjare, apen, fremdo, maro, blue, neniu, alie, etc…
    • Forketo = fork; pronounced forkeeeeto. (read the e without releasing them).
  • Attention, there is not exaggeration and if you have studied, notably, the Spanish or the Italian you will not have any problem.


[modifier]

The Article


  1. There is only one definite article : Zi as in English.
    • zi buko = the book ; zi setjo = the chair ; zi dogoy = the dogs.
    • We'll come again on the gender and numbers in the next lessons.
    • The undefined articles (a, an) do not exist, the partitive articles (some, any) neither.
      • buko = a book ; aglo = an eagle ; dogoy = some dogs, dogs.


[modifier]

The Syntax


  1. The order of the words in a sentence is in general: subject, verb, complement(s).
  2. The adjectives can be written before the noun as in English, or after the name, as in French.
    1. Zi buko blue or zi blue buko, is perfectly comprehensible because one discerns the name of the adjective easily.
  3. The fremdo puts the ending -n to mark the accusative (not compulsory) or when there is movement: example of the use of the ending -n :
    1. The mark of the accusative or of the Direct Object (DO).
      1. Zi kida manjas pomon, zi kida manjas pomo. The girl eats an apple. In that case, the accusative is not compulsory.
    2. The mark of the movement.
      1. Zi kato saltas sur zi setjo, kay pos saltas sur zi tawlon. (The cat jumps on the chair, and afterwards he jumps to and on the table.) In that case the ending n guard all its sense.
  4. The negation is indicated by the word ne before the implied word.
  5. A question begins always by txu: Txu ili avas buko ? (Has he a book?) by a questioning pronoun beginning by W… : Wu vi estas ? (Who are you ?).


[modifier]

The Vocabulary


  • Comparisons of the origins
  • The roots of the fremdo language come in great part from the languages: French, Italian, Spanish, English, German and Russian.
  • Here you have a table of comparison with these six languages:


Fremdo English Italian French German Russian Spanish Esperanto Lingua Franca
bone good («bonus») buono bon gut («Bonus») khoroshiy (dobriy) bueno bona bon
donare give («donate») dare («donare») donner geben darit dar, donar doni dona
filtrare filter filtrare filtrer filtern filtrovat filtrar filtri filtra
jardino garden giardino jardin Garten ogorod jardín gardeno jardin
kavalo horse («cavalry») cavallo cheval Pferd («Kavallerie») kobyla caballo chevalo cavalo
maro sea («marine») mare mer Meer more mar maro mar
nacio nation nazione nation Nation natsija nación nacio nasion
studiare study studiare étudier studieren izuchat, shtudirovat estudiar studi studia
jove young («juvenile») giovane jeune jung yunyi joven juna joven


[modifier]

Exercises


  • In this first lesson, there is only one exercise to keep well these elements of base.
    1. Recite the alphabet of the Fremdo and listen your pronunciation.
    2. A, Bo, Co, Do, E, Fo, Go, Ho, I, Jo, Ko, Lo, Mo, No, O, Po, Ro, So, To, U, Vo, Wo, Xo, Yo, Zo.
  • This is valid for all the lessons, as soon as you master the exercises, be taken to the next lesson ...
[modifier]

The words of every day


Ordinary conversations :

  • Yes = Yes
  • No = Ne
  • Thank-you = Dankon'
  • That's all right = Nedankindi
  • Please = Bonvoles
  • Forgive me = Pardono
  • Goodbye = Til zi revido, Tilzi'
  • Farewell = Txaw
  • To soon = Til pronti
  • Good morning = Bonmatinon (little common)
  • Good day = Bontagon
  • Good evening = Bonvesperon
  • Good night = Bonnokton
  • Good afternoon = Bonpostagmezon (little common)
  • Hello, my friend! Good day ! = Saluton', amikun! Bontagon!
  • How do you do? = Wi vi fartas?
  • I am fine, thanks! = Mi fartas boni, dankon!
  • And you ? = Kay vi ?
  • Me too. What new? = Mi osi. Wo nove?


[modifier]

That you know


  1. Reading all the words without mistake of pronunciation.
  2. Writing all the words without spelling mistake.
  3. Speaking without too much accent.
  4. The unique article.
  5. In English, you have needed several years to happen that...



Récupérée de « http://www.lukleo.net/index.php/Lukleo_Lesson_1 »