Lukleo Lesson 4

Un article de Lukleo.

  1. LUKLEO
  2. Concise Grammar
  3. Detailed Grammar




Sommaire

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To Discover


THE FAMILY THE CLOSE ENVIRONMENT
Root Suffix English Prefix Root Suffix English Prefix Root Suffix English
YAY + o = grandparent NEP + o = grandson RELATIVE + o = relative
+ u = grandfather + u = grandson + u = relative
+ a = grandmother + a = granddaughter + a = relative
PATR + o = parent duon + PATR + o = "stepparent" bo + PATR + o = "parent-in-law"
+ u = father duon + + u = stepfather bo + + u = father-in-law
+ a = mother duon + + a = stepmother bo + + a = mother-in-law
FILY + o = child duon + FILY + o = "stepchild" bo + FILY + o = "child-in-law"
+ u = son duon + + u = stepson bo + + u = son-in-law
+ a = daughter duon + + a = step-daughter bo + + a = daughter-in-law
FRAT + o = brother duon + FRAT + o = half-brother KID + o = child
+ u = brother duon + + u = half-brother + u = boy
+ a = sister duon + + a = half-sister + a = daughter
ONKL + o = uncle (neutral) NEV + o = nephew (neutral) KUZ + o = cousin (neutral)
+ u = uncle + u = nephew + u = cousin
+ a = aunt + a = niece + a = cousin


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The Syntax


The syntax is not primordial in Fremdo contrary to the other languages and habits.

  1. Generally, in the languages Roman one begins the more ones by the word important and one finishes the less ones by the word important.
  2. In other languages, notably in English it is the opposite.
    • Zi awto blue estas nove = Zi blue awto estas nove
    • La voiture bleue est neuve. The blue car is new.
  3. With the ending we can know where the noun positions, the adjective, the verb, etc...
  4. In other words that a sentence can be said by an English, understood by a French and in an opposite way.
  5. We will have the opportunity of talking about the accusative ulteriorly, that will be still more striking.


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The Number


  1. Like in English, the adjective and the adverb are invariable.
  2. We have seen that the verbs are also.
  3. To mark the plural, one of the two next "ingredients" is needed:
    1. It suffices that only one word carries the notion of plural so that everyone the other that refer to it are automatically without being modified.
    2. To put a noun to the plural, one must add to the ending of the word the half-consonant -y.
      • zi dogo = the dog ; zi dogoy = the dogs ; dogo = a dog ; dogoy = dogs ; du dogo = two dogs ; multi da dogo = many dogs.
    3. We could write du dogoy to say two dogs, but two expresses already a quantity superior to one, therefore not need of plural. Ibidem for multe dogo.


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The Negation


  1. Yes = yes and Ne = no, not.
  2. The negative words place themselves always in the face of the word that undergoes the negation.
    • The negative words are: ne not and the correlative ones beginning by neni-.
  3. Only one term suffices to give a negative sense to a sentence.
    • A double negative can highlight the opposite.
  4. Ni = nor, its use :
    • After ne or another ni.
      • Never after sen = without, one will use rather kay = and.
      • Never alone.


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The Adverb


  1. As for NE, the adverbs position rather before the words that they modify, another example :
  2. ONLI = only.
    1. mi onli pasejis tier = I only went for a walk there
    2. mi pasejis onli tier = I went for a walk only there
    3. onli mi pasejis tier = Only me went for a walk there


Mi ne parolas pri tier buko. I do not talk about this book. Elu volas manjare bovajo kay rizo. They want to eat from the ox and from the rice.
Ne Ili parolas pri tier buko. It is not he that speaks about this book. Mi volis manjare ni bovajo ni rizo. I have wanted to eat neither ox nor rice.
Nu parolas ne pri tier buko. We speak, but not of this book. Nu volos manjare sen salo kay pebro. We will want to eat without salt and pepper.


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Some Words


fruto fruit moblo piece of furniture besto animal objekto object homo human being kido child kapo head
pomo apple tawlo table kato cat buko book homa woman kida girl limbo supre superior limb
piro pear setjo chair dogo dog taso cup homu man kidu boy korpo body
oranjo orange lito bed birdo bird bokso box home human kide childish limbo infre inferior limb


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Some affixes


  1. -id-, gives the sense "offspring" expressed by the root.
  2. pra-, gives the sense "a far past or future" expressed by the root.
  3. -eks-, gives the sense "no longer" expressed by the root.


ido descendant idaro posterity reyo king reyido prince
kato cat katido kitten prae primitive prau ancestor
prayayu great-grandfather pranepa great-granddaughter prastorio prehistory pratipo prototype
eks ex- ekse in retirement ekses! down! eksijare to resign
eksijo resignation eksigare to dismiss weda bride eksweda divorcee


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Exercises


Put : the endings, the affixes, the personal and possessive pronouns
_ pasej_ kun _ _nep_ He went for a walk with his (own) great-grandson _ pasej_ kun _ _wed_ She goes for a walk with her ex-husband (to another)
_ amik_ trov_ eston en _ pox_ Your friend has found this in her pocket _ star_ antaw _ They are stood in front of me
_ parol_ pri _self One talks about oneself _ ven_ per _ awt_ We came with our car
_ kay _ wed_ es_ txe _ He and his wife were to my place. (the wife of another) _ kun _ wed_ and_ al _ Her with her husband have gone to them. (the husband of hers)
_ kun _ ofti diskut_ pri _ work_ Me and she discuss often of our work _ frat_ kay _ frat_ av_ dog_o His brother (at him) and my sister have a puppy
_ es_ silent_ I was silent. _ pens_ es_ silent_ I intended to be silent.
_ dir_ : “es_ silent_!” I would say: "Be silent"! Bonvol_ kloz_ _ doron! Thank-you of closing the door!
_ pid_, ke _ ven_ I have asked that she comes Lern_ langoyn es_ _ obi_ To learn the languages will be his hobby


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The words of each day


Continuation...

  • To eat = Manjare
  • How many does that cost? = Wom tio kostas?
  • What is it? = Wo estas tio?
  • I take it, I buy it = Mi kompras lin
  • I would want to buy... = Mi volus komprare...
  • Do you have? = Txu vi avas?
  • Do you accept the credit cards? = Txu vi akseptas zi kreditkartoy ?
  • closed = klozite
  • opened = dezklozite
  • the breakfast = matinmanjo
  • the lunch = tagmanjo
  • the dinner = vespermanjo
  • vegetarian = vejetarano
  • health! = Ye vie sano!
  • The bill, please. = Zi sumo, bonvoles.
  • What day are we today? = Wome tago estas astag?
  • It is January first ! = Estas zi unue de jenero!
  • What time is it now? = Wome horo estas naw?
  • It is three past quarter. = Estas tri kwarono de trie. Estas trikwa' de trie.


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What you know


  1. Name every member of your family and of your close or distant environment.
  2. The syntax of the Fremdo.
  3. Say what you think and say its opposite.




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