Lukleo Lesson 5

Un article de Lukleo.

  1. LUKLEO
  2. Concise Grammar
  3. Detailed Grammar



Sommaire

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To Discover


THE HUMAN BODY
Kapo kabeloy hair Limbo Supre xuldo shoulder Korpo mamo breast Limbo infre engono groin
frunto front akselo armpit mugro nipple femuro thigh
browo eyebrow brako arm mampunto breast genuo knee
okyo eye elbo elbow txestu chest (m) lego leg
okyopelo eyelash antawbrako forearm txesta chest (f) kalfo calf
oto ear manruto wrist tayo waist futruto ankle
nazo nose mano hand umbiliko navel futo foot
txiko cheek dito finger flanko flank futdito toe
buxo mouth dikdito thumb ventro stomach futdikdito big toe
txino chin indikdito index subventro lower abdomen
gorjo throat mezdito major pubo pubis sekso sex (neutral)
nuko nape ringdito annular anko hip seksa sex (female)
kapo head diteto little finger pelo hair seksu sex (male)


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The Accusative


  1. We have seen that the syntax (investment of the words ones in relation to the others) is not not primordial in Fremdo because the endings of the words us guide on the quality of the word (name, verb, adjective or adverb).
  2. What to say of: Joanu salutas Klara
    1. We notice the verb salutas, but who is subject and who is the supplement (here the D.O)?
    2. In the classical syntax (subject + verb + supplement) Joanu is subject and Klara is DO = John greets Claire.
    3. If one manages without syntax that becomes more complicated! But we have a simple solution: the accusative.
  3. The accusative is a case expressing the direct object (O.D.), in other words the acting who undergoes the action exercised by the subject of an active direct transitive verb, it is marked by the ending -n. It is put after the ending -o, -a or -u of the noun or the ending -y of the plural.
    1. Joanun salutas Klara = Claire greets John
    2. Joanu salutas Klaran = John greets Claire
  4. You see that the accusative is not necessary when the sentence is simple, but it can be useful when the sentence is long. It acts the audible and visible role of mark. On the other hand it allows mixing the words without changing the sense from the sentence :
    1. Joanun vidis zi dogo. = the dog saw John.
    2. Vidis Joanun zi dogo. = the dog saw John.
    3. Zi dogo Joanun vidis . = the dog saw John.
  5. The accusative is a friend because it simplifies the sense of the sentences, notably:
    1. To indicate a movement :
      • Zi kato saltas sur zi tawlo. The cat jumps on the table. (The cat is already on the table and he jumps).
      • Zi kato saltas sur zi tawlon. The cat jumps on the table. (The cat is on the chair and jumps to and on the table).
    • To indicate a direction :
      • Wer ? Where ?
      • Wern ? To where ?
    • To replace a preposition :
      • Joanu andas al Londonio = Joano andas Londonion. John goes to London.


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The Questions


  1. In fremdo, there are 10 words to question : txu, wu, wuz, way, wer, wan, wo, wom, we and wi.
  2. There is not need of inverting some words (verb-subject) in a sentence.
    • TXU? = is that? the reply is YES = yes or NE = no.
  3. Afterwards come the 9 correlative (board to the next lesson).
    • To remember them 2 groups:
    • WU? = who? WUZ? = whose, of which? WAY? = why? WER? = where? WAN? = when?
      • very easy, not?
    • WAN? = when? WO? = what? WOM? = how many? WE? = what sort of? WI? = how?
      • The ending of the correlative ones will indicate to you what word it waits for:
      • Zi awto blue veikas spidi. The blue car runs in a fast way.
        1. Wo estas blue? Zi awto tio, wo veikas spidi. The car that runs in a fast way.
        2. We zi awto estas? Zi awto estas blue. The car is blue.
        3. Wi zi awto veikas? Zi awto veikas spidi. The car runs in a fast way.
  4. The ending in -y and -n apply also to these words.
    1. Joanu kun patray kisas Klaran kay zi kidoyn = John with mothers kiss Claire and the children
    2. - Wu? = who? - Joanu = John.
    3. - Wun? = who? - Klaran = Claire.
    4. - Wuy? = who? - patray = mothers.
    5. - Wuyn? = who? - Zi kidoyn = the children.
    6. Etc...


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Some Words


alte tall amika a friend amiku a friend bone good gusto the taste bonguste delicious
tier there txi (denotes proximity) txi tier here falare to fall gladare to be glad andare to go
komprenare to understand koridoro corridor kun with longe long manjare to eat metro meter
homo human being, person homa woman homu man horo hour planko floor sandwitxo sandwich
strito street sur on totu each totuy everyone trans across vendredo Friday
vidare to see vere true veri really xefo chief xefe main xefi principally


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Some affixes


  1. -ij-, gives the sense "become" expressed by the root.
  2. -ig-, gives the sense "cause something to be" expressed by the root.
  3. -eg-, gives the sense "very large" expressed by the root.
  4. -et-, gives the sense "very small" expressed by the root.


wedu husband wedigare to marry wedijare to marry wedijo marriage
ijare to become igare to cause... stonigare to petrify wetigare to make wet
kridare to shout kridegare to shriek urbo city urbego metropolis
ridare to laugh ridetare to smile bele beautiful belete pretty
ete small etigare to shorten ege enormous egi extremely


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Exercises


Put the affixes, the endings -a, -e, -i, -o, -u, -y, -n, _ and the word: txu
Mi_ vidas eli_ amik_. I see her friend. _ v_ kompren_? Do you understand?
_ ver_? Really? Eli_ amik_ estas hom_ alt_. Her friend is a tall man.
Ili neg_is en zi ri_o. He has drowned himself in the brook. Zi rey_ nobil_os eli_ frat_un txe zi ri_o. The king will ennoble her small brother close to the river.
Mi_ kun eli_ vidas homo_ alt_. Me with her, we see tall people. Lu_ andas trans zi strit_ xef_. They go across from the main street.
Mi_ manjas sandwitxo_ bongust_. I eat a delicious sandwich. Mi_ vidas l_. I see them.
Eli_ ester_ veikis kun si_ amik_. She has gone there with her friend. Nu_ spid_ kuris trans zi strit_o_. In a fast way we have run across from the avenue.
Lu_ vidas mi_. They see me. Vendred_ nu_ andos tot_ al mi_ yay_. Friday all of us will go to my grandmother.
Zi koridor_ esis du metro_ long_. The corridor made two meters of length. Mi_ gladas, ke li_ ne falis sur zi planko_. I look forward that it has not fallen on the ground.
Ili_ esis txi est_ du hor_. He has been here two hours. Zi bildaj_ esas tri cent metro_ alt_. The building is three a hundred meters of top.
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The words of every day


Continuation...

  • bread = pano
  • a drink = drinkajo
  • coffee = kafo
  • tea = teo
  • orange juice = oranjsuko
  • water = akwo
  • beer = biro
  • wine = vino
  • salt = salo
  • pepper = pebro
  • meat = viandajo
  • beef = bovajo
  • pork = porkajo
  • fish = pexajo
  • poultry = kokajo
  • vegetables = legomoy
  • a fruit = fruto
  • a potato = terpomo
  • salad = salado
  • a dessert = postro
  • an ice = glacajo
  • postcard = postkarto
  • stamps = postmarkoy
  • a lot = multi
  • a little = nemulti
  • all = toto
  • Where do you go? = Wern vi andas?
  • I come back from the school. = Mi revenas lerneyi.
  • I have not seen it since long time. = Mi ne vidis lin de longetaymo.


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What you know


  1. The parts of the human body.
  2. The role of the accusative.
  3. Asking questions.




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